From script to print to hypertext

	From script to print to hypertext two millennia of Devon's written heritage To mark the end of the second millennium, an exhibition in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum from 18 September to 27 November 1999 celebrated the richness of Devon's long written record, bringing together treaures from ten libraries, museums and record offices in the city. This project aims to revive, extend and update this record as part of Exeter's designation as UNESCO city of literature.
	The Bill Douglas Centre was in 1999 located in the Old University Library, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4SB. It is at the same location in 2020, but is now designated as the Bill Douglas Cinema Museum. Click on image for website
	The Devon and Exeter Institution was in 1999 located at 7 Cathedral Close, Exeter EX1 1EZ where it remains in 2020. An independent suscription library it has recently undergone extensive resoration. It is no longer administerd by the University although its stock records are on the University's on-line catalogue. Click on image for website
	The Devon Record Office was in 1999 located in Castle Street, Exeter EX4 3PU. In 2020 it is located in the Devon Heritage Centre, Great Moor House, Bittern Road, Exeter, EX2 7NL. It is administered from Taunton by the South West Heritage Trust, the County Council having outsourced its archival responsibilities. Click on image for website
	The Exeter Cathedral Library was in 1999 located in the Old Bishop's Palace, Diocesan House,Palace Gate, Exeter EX1 1HY where it remains in 2020 with amuch improved search room and display. Its catalogue is now separate from the University's online catalogue. Click on image for website
	The Exeter Medical Library was in 1999 located in Barrack Road, Exeter. In 2020 it has moved from its old cramped premises to Level 2 of the RILD/PMS Building, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW. Click on image for website
	The Exeter Reference Library was in 1999 located in Castle Street, Exeter EX4 4 3PQ. In 2020 it remains in the same premises but there is no separate reference collection. Devon County Council supressed all specialist departments and outsourced the public library service to Libraries Unlimited. The most detailed listing of the rare book collections is on the Devon bibliography. Click on image for website
	The Royal Albert Memorial Museum was in 1999 located in Queen Street, Exeter EX4 3RX where it remains in 2020 after an extensive restorationand extension. Click on image for website
	The University of Exeter Library was in 1999 located in Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4PT where the Forum Library remains, The special collections are accessible from the Ronald Duncan Reading Room in the Old Library Building, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4SB Click on image for website
	The University of Plymouth- Exeter Campus Library was in 1999 located in Earl Richards Road North, Exeter EX2 6AS. In 2020 the collection of fine printing and art books form the special collections of the Charles Seale-Hayne Library, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, following the closure of the Exeter campus. Click on image for website
	The Westcountry Studies Library was in 1999 located in Castle Street, Exeter EX4 3PQ. In 2020 it is located with the Devon Record Office in the Devon Heritage Centre, Great Moor House, Bittern Road, Exeter, EX2 7NL. There is no designated library staff; it is served one day a week from Taunton by the South West Heritage Trust, the County Council having suppressed all specialist library posts. Click on image for website
Timeline of documents reflecting the small world of the written record.	Alphabet of themes reflecting the large world of ideas.
AD 1-1050. Some early riddles	A. Art & Architecture
1050-1485. The medieval period	B. Bookbinding & typography
1485-1603. The Tudor period	C. The christian church
1603-1698. The Stuarts: wars & revolution	D. Devon's history
1698-1789. The arrival of the provincial press	E. Encyclopedias & dictionaries
1789-1860. Revolution & evolution	F. Film & moving image
1860-1942. The spread of mechanisation	G. Genealogy & heraldry
1942-2000. War & revival	H. Health & medicine
	L. Literature & writers
	M. Maps & plans
	N. Natural history
	O. Official and legal
	P. Press & newspapers
	R. Records & archives
	S. Scribes & manuscripts
	T. Technology & invention
	V. Voyages & travel
	W. War & revolution
	Y. Younger readers
The time-line:
A.D. 1-1050. Some early riddles The items included for this earliest period are tantalising glimpses at an entire millennium. Analogies from other parts of the country, for example the recent discoveries at Vindolanda near Hadrian's Wall, of hundreds of wooden writing tablets indicate that literacy was widespread during the Roman era, and the inscribed stones suggest that some historical records were maintained in the post-roman period providing sources from which later chroniclers drew. The garbled way in which the lives of the saints and lists of Dumnonian rulers have reached us makes it likely that oral traditions also played an important role in much of this period but from at least the eighth century the Saxon rulers were aware of the legal importance of accurate written records. The period ends with the move of the Cathedral from Crediton to Exeter but before that date there was a long tradition of vernacular literature in the south west manifested above all in the Exeter Book of poetry.
	ca 30. - Inscribed Celtic coins. In the period around the birth of Christ the Durotriges in Dorset and the Dobunni in Somerset both produced inscribed coins. While the Dumnonii in Devon and Cornwall never produced a coinage of their own, these coins would have circulated in their territory and would have provided contact with the written word for many people in Devon. The abbreviated names of the Durotrigian rulers Corio, Bodvoc and others represent the first Westcountry individuals to be recorded in written form.
	ca 60. - Roman tile bearing incised alphabet. Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Archaeology Section. This tile was made in Exeter for the hypocaust of the legionary bath-house in Cathedral Close. The tile has been incised before firing with the first letters of the Roman alphabet, finishing with the letter "F". It provides the earliest direct evidence of literacy in Devon.
[Image to scan]	100-400. - Inscribed Roman pottery from Exeter Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Archaeology Section. These pottery sherds contain fragments of the names of their owners or manufacturers and give us the earliest known names of Devon people. They read: (1) [...]LARI (of Hilarius). (2) [...]VITAE (of Avita). (3) [...]CANDI[...] (of Candidus). (4). [...]ABRI (of Cantaber).
[Image to scan]	ca 450-650. - Inscribed stones. Bray, Anna Eliza. The borders of the Tamar and Tavy. New ed. - London : W.Kent, 1879. - Westcountry Studies Library: sDEV/0001/BRA. - There are some 37 inscribed stones in Cornwall and 18 in Devon, dating from the fifth to seventh centuries and commemorating rulers and nobles of the post-Roman period. The three illustrated here, probably dating from the mid-sixth century were assembled in the vicarage garden at Tavistock in the 19th century. The Maccodechet stone once helped to support a blacksmith's shop in Buckland Monachorum and the Dobunni stone, found on Roborough Down, also contains a rare example of the Irish ogham script. Engravings taken from: Bray, Anna Eliza. The borders of the Tamar and Tavy. New ed (London: W.Kent, 1879), vol. 1 p. 318, 321, 327.
	ca. 550. - Gildas. De excidio Britanniae Exeter Reference Library: 932.01 This work was written while the Saxon conquest was still in progress and Gildas saw the fall of Britain partly as a punishment for the iniquities of the native rulers. In section 28, here rewritten in the uncial script of the period, Gildas denounces Constantine, giving us a rare contemporary picture of a ruler of Devon and Cornwall: ... when they have stood before the altar, swearing by the name of God, they go away and think no more of the holy altar than if it were a mere heap of dirty stones. Of this horrid abomination, Constantine, the tyrannical whelp of the unclean lioness of Damnonia, is not ignorant. This same year, after taking a dreadful oath (whereby he bound himself first before God, by solemn protestation, and then called all the saints, and Mother of God, to witness, that he would not contrive any deceit against his countrymen), he nevertheless, in the habit of a holy abbat amid the sacred altars, did with sword and javelin, as if with teeth, wound and tear, even in the bosoms of their temporal mother, and of the church their spiritual mother, two royal youths, with their attendants, whose arms, although not cased in armour, were yet boldly used, and, stretched out towards God and his altar, will hang up at the gates of thy city, O Christ, the venerable ensigns of their faith and patience; and when he had done it, the cloaks, red with coagulated blood, did touch the place of the heavenly sacrifice. And not one worthy act could he boast of previous to this cruel deed; for many years before he had stained himself weith the abomination of many adulteries, having put away his wife contrary to the comment of Christ ... Modern transcript. Translation from: Six old English chronicles, 1866.
[Image to scan]	754. - Willibald. Das Leben und Leyden dess heiligen Ertzbischoffs und Martyrers Bonifacii. - Ingolstadt : Wolffgang Eder, 1588. - Westcountry Studies Library: s920/BON. - Boniface was the name granted by Gregory II to Winfrith, who was born in Devon, perhaps near Crediton in about 675. He was educated in Exeter and became a missionary in Germany, converting the people there, organising the church and becoming Archbishop of Mainz. He was martyred in Friesland in 754. His letters are a testimony to the high level of learning that could be achieved by Devonians during the so-called Dark Ages.
	ca 895. - Alfred the Great penny. Coin, [ 895?]. - Royal Albert Memorial Museum. - Alfred refounded Exeter as a burh, part of a network of defensive places scattered across Wessex which would serve as refuges against Viking attacks. This coin bears his royal titles: AELFRED REX SAXONUM (King of the Saxons) and the name Exeter. Only three original specimens are known and the item exhibited here is a replica.
[Image to scan]	ca. 925-939. - Athelstan. Charters. Grant of land in Monketon Manuscript [facsimile], [ 1070?]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE This 19th century facsimile is of a careless 11th century forgery by the Cathedral scriptorium of a grant of land in Monketon in the parish of Shobrooke. Although Athelstan ruled in the 10th century a date of 673 is given to lend the charter a spurious air of antiquity. At least three other charters were similarly concocted in this period.
	ca 980. - Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon poetry Westcountry Studies Library, from facsimile of original manuscript in Exeter Cathedral Library. "This unique manuscript has been in Exeter Cathedral Library since at least 1070 when it is mentioned in an inventory of books donated by Bishop Leofric. It is one of only three surviving manuscripts of Old English poetry and the page displayed is taken from a collection of riddles. The subject of this one is a book. The Exeter Book is to be issued on CD-ROM in the year 2000. The website includes sample images. A translation of the riddle in this image is given below, in a version which retains the alliterative Old English metre of the original and is laid out to reflect the two parts into which each line of verse was divided. "
1050-1485. The medieval period The transfer of the bishop's seat from Crediton to Exeter in 1050 and the great reorganisations of Bishop Leofric, which included the establishment of Exeter Cathedral Library on a firm footing start a new era in the history of the written word in Devon. During the course of the middle ages the Cathedral gathered more than 600 books, few of which now survive in Exeter and from the 13th century administrative records start to survive in greater numbers both in the diocesan and the city archives. Many of the medieval manuscripts in Exeter Cathedral were given to the Bodleian Library in Oxford in 1602 so few books from this period remain in Exeter. Even less remains of the libraries in places such as Forde Abbey and Tavistock which were recorded by John Leland when he toured Devon on the eve of the dissolution of the monasteries.
[Image to scan]	1050. - Exeter Diocese. Foundation charter Manuscript, 1050. - Exeter Cathedral Library. Facsimile. - This charter is set out in the style of a royal diploma, without a seal and relying on authentication on the inclusion of the names of those witnessing it. It is written in a bold minuscule script with some Anglo-Saxon letter forms. The charter had the effect of merging the two dioceses which had their seats at Crediton and St Germans to create the Diocese of Exeter which remained intact until the Diocese of Truro was created in the 19th century.
	1086. - Domesday Book Manuscript, 1086. - Exeter Cathedral Library. - One of the greatest treasures of the Cathedral Library is a draft of the great survey commissioned by William the Conqueror telling him the holdings of every manor and town in his kingdom. The contents of this volume, which covers the western counties of England, is fuller than the version held by the Public Record Office which forms part of the Exchequer Records. The facsimile extract is taken from the Exchequer version and shows the entry for Exeter.
	ca. 1090. - Exeter Diocese. Bishops. Osbern. Deed Manuscript, [ 1090?]. - Devon Record Office: ED/SN 1. - This confirmation from Osbern, Bishop of Exeter 1072-1103, to the Church of St Nicholas from an earlier grant, made by Rualandus Ladubed on the day he became a monk, bears one of the three earliest surviving Anglo-Norman episcopal seals, showing the Bishop in his robes with a halo round his head. The Bishop says that those who shall maintain this gift of the land and church of Pochelle shall have his blessing while those who try to take away from it shall be excommunicated.
	1133. - Plympton Priory. Charter Manuscript, 1133. - Devon Record Office: ED/PP 1. - This charter from Bishop William Warelwast to Plympton Priory and the community there grants, among other things, a 'mansura terre' in Exeter which Ralph de Haga and afterwards Clarembaldus held. It is written in an unusually fine hand, possibly by a member of the Priory, and is very precisely dated to 2 July 1133. The dating clause comprises the Roman calendar date, the year of the Incarnation, the Indiction date, the Easter Term, the date of Easter, the regnal year of King Henry I, and the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
	1230. - Exeter Corporation. Custumal. Manuscript, 1230. - Devon Record Office: ECA Miscellaneous Roll 2. - This Anglo-Norman custumal, containing a collection of the regulations for trade and custom, rules for the governing of the city and details of the liberties which were exempt from the Corporation's jurisdiction was compiled over a period of about thirty years. It consists of three membranes sewn together at one end and is written in a mixture of English and Norman French, a language commonly used in official records in the early Middle Ages. The hand is of the first half of the 13th century. The custumal may be the same as the 'Blacke Roll' mentioned by Hooker, on which the mayor was formerly sworn.
[Image to scan]	1236. - Crediton. Church of the Holy Cross. Grants Manuscript facsimile, 1236. - Westcountry Studies Library. A late 19th century facsimile of an illuminated list of grants made by Bishops of Exeter to the Church of the Holy Cross. The account is in an unusual mixture of medieval English and Latin and the latest date, found on the last two lines of the document is St Thomas the Apostle's day 1236.
	1305. - Exeter Receiver's accounts Manuscript, 1305-1352. - Devon Record Office: ECA. - A collection of account rolls for the 14th century shows the format in which many records were kept in medieval times. The rolls are made up of sheets of parchment stitched together and are written on both sides. Each roll runs from Michaelmas to Michaelmas and they are identified by a tag which was stitched onto the roll at a later date. The accounts are written up in paragraphs, with the amounts in Roman figures and the totals at the end of each section. The grand total is given at the end of the account, together with a note of any discrepancies and the names of the auditors.
[Link to check]	1413. - Monumental brass of William Langeton Brass rubbing, 1413. - Westcountry Studies Library: Brooking Rowe Collection, Devon 20 From the 14th to the 17th century monumental brasses were provided to decorate the tombs of the more prominent members of Devon society. The present example is for a canon of Exeter Cathedral. He was related to the family of Bishop Stafford, and this is alluded to by the presence of the Stafford knot in the decoration of his cope.
	1447. - John Shillingford. Letter to his fellows at Exeter Manuscript, 1447. - Devon Record Office: G1, letter II. - This undated draft, full of crossings out, is from an unusual collection of letters, mostly on paper, written between 1447 and 1450 during the mayoralty of John Shillingford. They chiefly concern a dispute between the City and the Cathedral which had been referred to London for a decision. Shillingford notes that he had left Exeter on the Friday and came to London at seven o'clock in the evening - four days of travel.
	1447. - Exeter, Dean and Chapter. Answers to the Mayors articles Manuscript, 1447. - Devon Record Office: G1. - Article five presented by the Mayor in the dispute with the Cathedral had complained that the right of way through the cloisters had been closed. The Dean and Chapter replied that this was done because the windows of the chapter house and library had been broken by "ungoodly ruled peple" who "exercised unlawfull games as the toppe, queke, penny prykke and most at tenys."
1485-1603. The Tudor period The printing press was invented in Germany in the 1450s and did not reach England until 1476. A press which existed at Tavistock Abbey in the 1520s and 1530s was the only known example of printing in Devon during the Tudor period. All works written by Devonians had to be printed in London or abroad and indeed religious and political upheaval drove scholars and writers such as Coverdale and Bodley abroad for years at a time. This is a contrast to many provincial towns on the continent in this period. Rennes, Exeter's twin town, had a flourishing printing industry in the sixteenth century. Booksellers were active in Exeter in this period and an inventory of 1615 shows that they could hold considerable stocks of books, including school textbooks.
	1490. - Map of Forest of Dartmoor. - Manuscript, 1490. - This stylised map shows the area of south Dartmoor with villages and roads to the south and west. The forest bounds are shown diagrammatically as a circle and the manuscript was evidently produced to illustrate the commons and common rights.
[Image to scan]	1499. - St Mary Arches. Notarial instrument. Manuscript, 1499. - Devon Record office: ED/M 933. - This legal document is notable for two reasons, the use of a notarial mark, similar to the merchants' and masons' marks of medieval times, and the unusually early example of a map.
	1549. - Rebellion in Devonshire. - [London] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1560?]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1560. - This page extracted from an unidentified black-letter chronicle published during the reign of Elizabeth shows what is probably the earliest printed illustration of Exeter. It illustrated an account of the Western Rebellion of 1549, when Exeter was besieged for several weeks by objectors to the new prayer books which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity. The woodcut bears no resemblance to Exeter and probably did duty in a variety of other publications to illustrate a range of battles around towns across Europe and beyond.
	1562. - Elizabeth I. Manuscript, 1562. - Devon Record Office: ECL AL 6. - Elizabeth commands the Mayor and Aldermen to contribute towards a levy of 500 men from Devon, the citizens having previously refused to contribute because Exeter was not described as a separate county in the writ. The distinctive signature with the elaborate flourishes reveals Elizabeth's skill as an exponent of a humanist italic hand.
[Image to scan]	1567. - Exeter Corporation. Rates and wages of artificers. - London : Richard Jugge and John Cawood, 1567. - Devon Record Office: This legal document is notable for two reasons, the use of a notarial mark, similar to the merchants' and masons' marks of medieval times, and the unusually early example of a map.
	1575. - Saxton, Christopher. Devoniae comitat, rerumquae omnium in eodem ... Descriptio. - London : C.Saxton, 1575. - Westcountry Studies Library OM DEV/1575/SAX. - The first county map of Devon. Christopher Saxton (1542-1610) was born in Yorkshire and began his surveys of English counties in 1570 under the patronage of Thomas Seckford. Skilled engravers were rare in England and the Devon sheet as well as several others, was engraved by the Flemish Remigius Hogenberg. The full atlas was finally published in 1579 and for the first time the Queen and her government were aware of the shape of the realm over which they held jurisdiction, previous surveys being inaccurate or based on written itineraries. The section shows the Exe estuary, roughly equivalent to the national grid 10 Km square SX98.
[Image to scan]	1587. - John Hooker. Plan of Exeter. - Exeter : John Hooker, 1587. - This map, the first to describe the whole of the walled city, exists in three states, the first with a pair of compasses in the lower right corner, the second with the compasses erased, and the third with a compass rose added. This latest state is the one shown here. The map served as a source for all later published maps until the early 18th century.
	1602. - Scriven, E. Sir Thomas Bodley. ob. 1612. From the original of Cornelius Jansen, in the Bodleian Gallery, Oxford / Engraved by E.Scriven. - [London] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1830?]. - Line engraving ; 130x105mm. - Westcountry Studies Library: sPOR/BOD. - Sir Thomas Bodley (Born Exeter, 2 March 1545, died London, 28 January 1613) was the son of an Exeter merchant and, with his Protestant father, was forced to flee to Geneva during the reign of Mary. In 1558 he entered Magdalen College, Oxford and began an academic career during which he devoted himself to the study of Hebrew. He spent the late 1570s in Europe and acquired proficiency in modern languages. He was employed on various diplomatic missions in the 1580s but retired to Oxford in 1597 where he devoted himself to the re-establishment of the university library, which was reopened in 1602 and was later named the Bodleian Library in his honour. He was knighted by James I in 1603. A fuller appreciation of Sir Thomas Bodley is given below. Literature: Trecentale Bodleianum: a memorial volume for the three hundredth anniversary of the public funeral of Sir Thomas Bodley, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913).
1603-1698. The Stuarts: wars and revolution Only for two brief periods during this century of upheaval was there a printing press in Exeter, during the Civil War in 1645 and on the arrival of William of Orange in 1688. The people of Devon were reliant on London for news of the important events that were unfolding around them and during the Civil War were supplied with a series of pamphlet newsbooks that were the forerunners of the newspaper. The libraries of clergymen in Devon suffered during the Commonwealth, their books being confiscated and destroyed but after the Restoration in 1660 parish libraries built up considerable collections of books, not always on theological matters. There were close contacts with the capital. In Portledge in north Devon for example Richard Coffin employed a London agent Richard Lapthorne to keep him informed in the 1680s. Beside sending him the gazettes he added personal gossip in his regular letters and was also diligent in seeking out books for Coffin's library.
[Image to scan]	1612. - Exeter Coroner. Deposition on murder of William Peter. - Manuscript, 1612. - Devon Record Office. - This document is taken from a collection resulting from an enquiry into the circumstances surrounding the murder of William Peters of Whipton House after a quarrel on 25 January 1612. The murdered man was the subject of A funeral elegye in memory of the late vertuous Maister William Peeter of Whipton neer Exeter by W. S., a work attributed to William Shakespeare by D. R. Foster (Elegy by W. S. : a study in attribution, 1989).
[Image to scan]	1641. - Exeter. Corporation. To the Right Honourable the Lords and Commons in Parliament. The humble petition of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Councell of the City of Exeter. - [London] : Printed for William Hope, 1641. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1641. - Wing T1692. - Not all petitions to Parliament were printed in this period, and the elders of Exeter must have taken a serious view of the effect that the unrest in London seemed to be having on the serge industry on which the wealth of the city so largely depended. The petition itself is handsomely laid out with a variety of fleur de lys printer's flowers forming the border and a so-called "factotum block" for the initial letter.
[Link to check]	1643. - England. Monarch. 1625-1649. Charles I. By the King. A proclamation of His Majesty's grace, favour and pardon to the inhabitants of ... Exceter. - [London] : Publisher unascertained], [ 1642]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1642/11/09. - Wing C2669. - The Civil War split the county and even families down the middle. In Exeter there was considerable sympathy for Parliament. While pardoning the citizens of Exeter for their financial support of the rebellious armies the King excluded Sir George Chudleigh, Sir John Northcote, Sir Samuel Rolle and Sir Nicholas Martyn from this general pardon. The royal coat of arms and the generous layout is used by the printer to good effect in an attempt to reinforce the impression of royal authority.
	1645. - A full and exact relation of the storming and taking of Dartmouth. - London : Edward Husband, 1645/6. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1646/01/23. - Wing F2279. - With no printing press in Exeter for most of the Civil War, people were dependent on London printers to supply the news. The letter on which the newsbook was based was dated 19 January at four in the morning and was committed to "the messenger, a dilgent man" who must have delivered it to the Speaker William Lenthal by 21 January. The day of thanksgiving was ordered on the following day and the day after that the presses were already in action.
[Image to scan]	1660. - Letter to General Monk from the gentry of Devon [London] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1660. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1660. Monk was born at Great Potheridge in the parish of Merton, Devon in 1608. He fought with the Royalists but after being captured and imprisoned he was persuaded to serve the Parliamentarian cause and successfully fought the Dutch during the Commonwealth. He became convinced that the restoration of the monarchy was the only way to rescue England from the factionalism that followed the death of Oliver Cromwell. This verbose letter to him from Devon - despite its length there only half a dozen sentences - reflects the complex political situation of the time.
[Image to scan]	1673. - Nathaniel Herne. Statement relating to election in Dartmouth [London] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1673. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1673. In the days before the introduction of the secret ballot bribery and corruption at elections was commonplace. With a small electorate it was possible to buy the votes of a significant proportion of those entitled to vote. Even after the Reform Act of 1832 there were still irregularities, one of the most notorious cases in Devon being investigated by the Barnstaple bribery commission which reported in 1852.
[Link to check]	1674. - Exeter Corporation. Petition regarding amalgamation of parishes in Exeter [London] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1674. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1674. Agitation over local government reorganisation is nothing new. City records showed payments for the expenses of corporation officers who travelled to London to promote the bill, which appears to have caused considerable opposition locally.
[Image to scan]	1681. - Duke of Buckingham. The character of a Tory London : William Inghall the Elder, 1681. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1681. Wing B5335. This does not appear to have any local significance, but surviving as it does in an Exeter collection it is difficult to resist displaying this item. Produced at a time when the political parties of Whigs and Tories were in the process of formation, it shows how gentlemanly political cut and thrust is today compared with earlier centuries.
[Link to check]	1685. - Account of the proceedings against the rebels at an assize holden in Exeter London : E.Mallet, 1685. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1685/09/25. Wing S151. The retribution that followed the crushing of the Monmouth Rebellion in the west of England was swift and brutal and the judicial process soon became known as the Bloody Assizes and Lord Chief Justice Jefferies as the hanging judge. The broadsheet states that the heads and quarters of the fourteen persons sentenced to be executed "are to be fixed where the King shall appoint".
[Link to check]	1688. - William of Orange's declaration to the people of England The Hague : Arnout Leers, 1688. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1688/10/24. Wing W2328. William realised the power of the press and was urged by his advisers to ensure that he took a printing press with him on his expedition. This sheet was printed in advance of his expedition to strike the first blowin the propaganda battle.
[Link to check]	1688. - A true and exact relation of the Prince of Orange his publick entrance into Exeter [London] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1688]. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1688/11/26. Wing T2458. Although William brought a press with him when he crossed the Channel, there is no evidence that this account was printed in Exeter. The arrival of William was eagerly awaited by many in London and this description of the order of his procession through Exeter would have been in great demand.
[Image to scan]	1688. - England. Monarch. 1685-1688. James II. By the King. A proclamation prohibiting the keeping of Exeter fair. London : Charles Bill, Henry Hills and Thomas Newcomb, 1688. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1688/11/16. Wing J368. Any occasion when people gather together posed a threat to civil order and James II, aware of the landing of William of Orange in Brixham on 5 November, hastened to ban the fair to be held on 6 December. The ban was too little too late. William had already made his triumphal entry into Exeter and would soon be advancing on London. Note the archaic use of gothic type, at that time reserved for legal texts.
[Link to check]	1690. - Great news from Tingmouth, Torbay and Exon London : Printered for W.Brown, 1690. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1690. War had broken out in France in May 1690 and after the defeat of the combined Anglo Dutch forces off Beachy Head on 30 June 1690 French ships were roaming the channel at will. This account of the bombardment of Teignmouth departs from the square quarto format of the Civil War newsbooks and adopts the two column layout favoured by the newspapers of the time.
[Image to scan]	1691. - William III. Proclamation to mariners (broadsheet WSL) London : Charles Bill and Thomas Newcombe, 1691. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1691/02/09. It was difficult to enlist sufficient numbers of men into the hard life on board naval vessels. The arrival of the pressgangs, luring those frequenting taverns into taking the King's shilling was viewed with trepidation. This proclamation is one of a series appearing during the war with France in an attempt to round up mariners who had melted away rather than enlist. While it is very similar to that used by James in his 1688 proclamation, the initial letter has been carefully recut.
1698-1789. The arrival of the provincial press The printing press only found a permanent home in Exeter in 1698 and immediately made a number of developments possible. Perhaps the most important was the establishment of local newspapers, the first of which appeared in Devon in about 1704. While these had little local news in the early part of the century, being largely reprints from the London press, they gave merchants and tradesmen the opportunity to insert local advertisements. A local printer also made the production of posters, broadsheets and election literature and other ephemera much easier and local authors found a new opportunity to see their sermons, poems or other writings in print. The development of charity schools meant that there was a growing market of literate people in Devon who could read the products of the local presses.
[Image to scan]	1708. - Edmund Elys. To the laity conformists in Exeter. - [Exeter?] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1706. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1707/0123. This sheet appeared at a time when there was considerable controversy in print between the dissenters and the conformists in Exeter. The dissenter John Withers exchanged a series of pamphlets with John Agate such titles as The plain truth, Truth try'd and More plain truth. The chief beneficiary from such exchanges was the printer who could earn money printing the writings of both parties to the dispute.
[Image to scan]	1717. - Five of the letters which passed between G.Gyllenborg and B.Sparre relating to a design of raising a rebellio. - Exeter : Reprinted by J. Bliss, 1717. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1717. In 1717 it was revealed that Gyllenborg, the Swedish minister in England, was carrying on intrigues with the Jacobites, and letters printed in London that year showed that there was a widespread plot to restore the Stuart pretender to the throne. Such was the interest that these letters were reprinted in Exeter by Joseph Bliss, probably as a supplement to his newspaper.
[Image to scan]	1727. - The Totness address, versified London : J. Williams, 1727. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1727. This humorous rendering of a petition to the King from the inhabitants of Totnes which was printed in the official newspaper The London Gazette on 2 March, 1727 proved very popular and went through a number of editions in pamphlet as well as broadsheet form, sometimes with the original petition appended.
[Image to scan]	1731. - William Emmett, house carpenter. Trade card [Plymouth] : W. Emmett, 1731. - Westcountry Studies Library ME 1731. During the 18th century elaborate trade cards were often commissioned by tradesmen in London and the main provincial towns. These were normally engraved and used exuberant rococo decoration. This Plymouth example is more modest, using letterpress with a woodcut headpiece.
[Image to scan]	1741. - An account of the Devon and Exeter Hospital [Exeter] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1741]. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1741/07/11. The Devon and Exeter Hospital was founded by the efforts of Dean Alured Clarke. The foundation stone was laid with great celebration on 27 August 1741 the total cost of the event being £6/6/- including five 5s 6d for for "wine on the ground". The architect was John Richards and the north wing was completed in 1748.
[Image to scan]	1745. - Exeter Citizens. Declaration of loyalty Exon : Printed by Andrew and Sarah Brice, 1745. - Westcountry Studies Library OE 1745. On the occasion of the invasion of England by the Young Pretender in 1745 the citizenry of Exeter hastened to declare their allegiance in a document which lists more than 1,000 individuals in a city whose population at that time was about 15,000.
[Image to scan]	1748. - The state of the Devon and Exeter Hospital Exeter : Joseph Drew, 1748. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1748/03/25. The benefactors of the Devon and Exeter Hospital required to receive a regular account of the way in which their contributions were spent. This detailed report provide statistics of the number of patients treated with the outcomes (more than half cured), details of expenditure and a lengthy list of subscribers and benefactors. In all £9,816 had been subscribed since 1741.
[Image to scan]	1752. - To Capt ---- (on election of City Officers) [Exeter] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1752?]. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1752. The unreformed Corporation of Exeter was frequently criticised forits manner of appointing officers. This scurrilous piece of anonymous ephemera relates to one such long forgotten controversy. The mixture of prose and verse and the use of initials to hide names is typical of such pieces. H---- is Benjamin Heath, the town clerk from 1752 to 1766. B---- is Thomas Balle, MP for Exeter H--dy is John Haddy, the previous town clerk and S—nh—m is Humphrey Sydenham, MP for Exeter elected in 1741.
	1756. - Heath, Benjamin. Some considerations on the lawfulness and expediency of frequenting the theatre as it is at present circumstanced at Exeter. - Exon : Thomas Brice, 1756. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1756. - ESTC t155345. - The theatre had been made illegal in provincial towns by an act of 1737. The ban was circumvented by describing the performances as concerts with the theatrical pieces being presented gratis during the intervals. The printer Thomas Brice connived at this deception by selling chalk dust masquerading as tooth powder at the price of theatre tickets.
	1761. - Proposals for carrying into execution a scheme for erecting a general academy at Exeter Exeter : Andrew Brice, 1761. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1761/05/06. - ESTC t178977. - Universities were not open to nonconformists and a number of academies were set up in the 18th century, perhaps the most notable being the one at Warrington. There were three such Academies in Exeter in the eighteenth century, the first run by Joseph Hallett from about 1691 to 1719, the second by Micaijah Towgood from 1761 to 1772, and the third by Timothy Kenrick from 1799 to 1805. As well as preparing for the ministry they also prepared students for the professions and commerce.
	1763. - Britain excis'd, or a copy of verses on the duty on cider [Exeter?] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1763?]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE1763. - An excise duty was imposed on cider in 1763 and it was immediately followed by protests and processions across the cider producing counties including Devon, Cornwall, Hereford and Gloucester. The Town Clerk of Exeter Benjamin Heath was prominent in lobbying for its abolition and there was great rejoicing when it was repealed in 1766. This set of verses formed part of the campaign. For a fuller account of the controversies surrounding cider during this period, see the webpage on Cider and eighteenth-century evidence-based healthcare.
	1767. - A case of great distress. Addressed to the charitable. - [Exeter?] : [B. Thorn?], 1767. - Westcountry Studies Library: ME 1767/08/03. - The local printing press could be called into service to provide assistance to individuals as in the instance of the widow of Richard Periam, mariner of Exmouth. The appeal was drawn up by Richard Tremlett, according to a manuscript annotation, printed, perhaps by the bookseller Mr Thorn, and circulated in the Exmouth and Exeter area.
	1770. - Spry, Nathaniel. Nathaniel Spry, mercer and undertaker ... has a neat variety of mercery goods. - Exeter : A.Brice and B.Thorn, [ 1770?]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1770. - ESTC t188231. - Exeter traders in the 1770s could pay for the insertion of advertisements in the newspapers printed by Brice and Thorn or their rival Trewman or, for a larger outlay, they could have advertisements specially printed. The display types which characterise the jobbing printing of the following century were not yet available, but advertisements such as this, which were printed on one side of the paper only, were probably posted up around the city. This particular example provides an interesting insight into the pomp and circumstance which attended funerals and also the wide variety of fabrics available.
	1780. - The new-year's-gift of the men who deliver the Sherborne Journal [Sherborne] : [Sherborne Journal], [ 1780]. - Westcountry Studies Library: SL ME 1780/12. - The idea of a Christmas box is not a new one. The post-boys who often travelled many miles on horseback to deliver newpapers were an important lifeline to many communities. Certainly the Rev. William Borlase in the remotenes of Ludgvan, near Penzance notes payments of generous gratuities to "Lobb the Sherborne" in his accounts.
[Link to check]	1781. - Brice, Andrew. Address of thanks from the English virgins of sixteen to the Hon. Charles-James Fox, for his zeal to obtain an amendment of the Marriage-Act. - Exeter : Thomas Brice, [ 1781]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1781. - ESTC t187592. - In 1781 there were moves to amend Hardwick's marriage act to allow women to marry at the age of sixteen, and this appeared to the printer Thomas Brice to be too good an opportunity to miss for him to display his facility to produce a set of racy verses. The broadsheet is elegantly decorated with a range of printer's flowers.
[Image to scan]	1782. - The maid's lamentation for the loss of her shepherd [and] Rodney triumphant Exeter : Thomas Brice, [ 1782]. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1782.ESTC t169339. A rare example of two slip songs which would have been hawked around the streets. The two crude woodcuts are in a very similar style and may well have been locally produced. Other provincial printers used worn cast-off blocks from London printing offices. Originally there could have been eight such songs printed on the same sheet of paper and these two reflect the main preoccupations of popular literature, patriotism and bucolic love.
	1782. - The life, character, confession and dying behaviour of Rebecca Downing. - Exeter : Elizabeth Brice, 1782. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1782/07/29. - ESTC t169179. - All too often execution broadsheets were run off in advance, the wretched victim's last moments imagined by the printer, so that they could be sold to the crowd at the execution. When Rebecca Downing was burned, this unusual form of punishment taxed the imagination of the printer and a second version in the Devon Record Office adds a block of text at the foot to describe the precise manner of the poor girl's dispatch. The incident clearly stuck in the memory; in the 1980s a visitor to the Westcountry Studies Library sought verification of a family tradition that an ancestor had attended a public burning in Exeter.
[Image to scan]	1782. - The lamentation of Rebecca Downing, condemn'd to be burnt Exon : Printed by T.Brice, 1782. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1782/07/29. ESTC t192847. Rebecca Downing was described as being virtually illiterate and so is not the actual author of her supposed lamentation. Authorship can probably be laid at the door of Thomas Brice who certainly takes the credit for a number of other pieces of broadsheet verse which appeared from his press in the 1780s.
[Link to check]	1784. - Theatre, Exeter. For the benefit of Miss Andrews. - Exeter : R.Trewman, 1784. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1784/05/24. It had to be a special occasion for Exeter theatre playbills of this period to boast woodcut decorations, and the acrobatic performances of Mr. Hilyard's company from Sadler's Wells were surely such an event. The troupe played to considerable acclaim and survived their daring feats of skill unscathed as another playbill for "positively the last night" on 11 June was also preserved.
[Image to scan]	1787. - The very becoming and exemplary behaviour of Mr Patrick Exeter : T. Brice, 1787. - Westcountry Studies Library LE 1787/04/12. This document contains all the elements of execution literature: documents relating to the character of the condemned, verses purportedly written by him, and an account of the events at the execution. The printer Brice reveals his pedantic nature in the footnote correcting the writer of the letter, identified in manuscript as the anti-slavery campaigner Wiliam Wilberforce.
1789-1860. Revolution and evolution The French Revolution alarmed many in this country and brought about a number of changes. Radical literature was suppressed, the works of Tom Paine being burned in towns throughout Devon, and printing presses had to be registered. An interesting side-effect was the growth of tourism in Devon as the continent was closed to the grand tour. As the century progressed and communications improved printers met this new demand with guidebooks, topographical prints and similar items. Circulating libraries also catered for the influx of visitors and the merchants were catered for by the provision of annual trade directories. Newspapers remained expensive because of the stamp duty imposed on them but, as this was reduced, new titles were established in Plymouth, Barnstaple, Torquay, Teignmouth, Sidmouth, Dawlish and other places, many of them coastal resorts.
[Image to scan]	1789. - Weatherdon's School, Newton Abbot. Performance of Hamlet [NewtonAbbot?] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1789]. - These dramatic performances were a regular feaure of the school, as several similar posters survive for this period. Clearly many generations of proud parents have have been enduring the thespian efforts of their offspring in Devon.
[Image to scan]	1790. - Hunter's sweepstakes, Newton Abbot Exeter : R.Trewman & Son, 1790. - Horseracing at Newton Abbot clearly has a long tradition, and in the nineteenth century racing posters were to become a profitable item for provincial printers who were able to buy from typefounders a wide range of stock illustation blocks of horses performing the anatomically impossible flying gallop to head the list of races.
[Image to scan]	1791. - Weavers of Exeter. Appeal on pay [Exeter] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1791]. - There were tensions beneath the apparent loyalty in the face of the French Revolution. Prices were rising, and many artisans felt impelled to unite to obtain an equitable wage. This broadsheet was circulated during a conflict between the weavers of Exeter and the merchants.
	1792. - Robbery of Exeter Mail Exeter : S. Woolmer, 1792. - The Exeter mail coach suffered a variety of perils.On one occasion the coach was attacked by a lioness that had escaped from a circus. This broadsheet is one of the earliest Devon "wanted" posters.
[Image to scan]	1792. - Hell in an uproar; or, Tom Paine below stairs Exeter : T. Brice,[ 1792?]. - In the early days of the French Revolution Tom Paine's The rights odf man had been on sale in Exeter in Trewman's bookshop, but before long his inflammatory works were being publicly burned. The printer Brice was accused by the patriotic saddler of Exeter of having republican sympathies, so this mock dramatic piece was probably written tongue in cheek.
[Image to scan]	1793. - The loyal Briton: a song Exeter : R.Trewman & Son, 1793. - The Constitutional Society was set up in Exeter,as in many other towns, to counteract the influence of the Corresponding Societies, which had ideas which were sympathetic to the French Revolution. In the part the printer Trewman had not been averse to selling Paine's The rights of man; now Paine was being burned in effigy in places across Devon together with his writings, and Trewman was keen to show his loyalty.
[Image to scan]	1803. - The execution of Col. Despard Dock : Philp,printer, 1803. - Edward Marcus Despard (1751-1803) had a distinguished career in the colonial service until he was suspended on frivolous charges. Soon after he was convicted of conspiring to subvert the government, destroy the King, and attack the Bank of England and theTower of london. The revolutionary sentiments uttered by the conspirators were rarely expressed openly at that time and the case aroused considerable interest in Devon, being widely reported in the newspapers and forming the subject of this broadsheet, reprinted in Plymouth Dock.
	1807. - Upham, Edward. State lottery begins drawing 13th January, 1807 ... - Exeter : Woolmer, printer, 1807. - Westcountry Studies Library: SE B/EXE/1807/01/13. The National Lottery, when it was launched, was not without precedent. Lotteries were common in eighteenth century England. The British Museum benefitted from a lottery in 1753. The first prize of £20,000 compares well with today's prizes. Allowing for inflation over almost two centuries the figure could be in the region of £5,000,000. The £10 tickets would likewise be expensive at perhaps £3,000 and it is not surprising that the two winning tickets listed on this publicity leaflet were issued as shares.
[Image to scan]	1814. - Williams, C. Spirits at work Joanna concieveing [sic] i. e. blowing up Shiloh. - London : N. Jones, 1814. - Joanna Southcott (1750-1804) was born in Gittisham, Devon, and entered service in Exeter. She began her prophecies n 1792 and moved to London where she published a series of pamphlets and her following grew. This caricature shows the derision with which her claims to have conceived Shiloh, the Messiah, at the age of 65 were received in many quarters.
	1814. - Stanhope, Charles, 3rd Earl Stanhope. The noble, manly, humane and eloquent speech. - Exeter : Cullum, printer, 1814. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1814/06/09. - There was much opposition over the Corn Laws, introduced to protect the landed interest by maintaining an artificially high price of corn. Despite the objections of Stanhope and others legislation was introduced in 1815 and only repealed in 1846. Stanhope (1753-1816) was a progressive thinker who effected a number of improvements in printing technology, pioneering an iron printing press. It is therefore highly appropriate that this broadsheet is printed in gold ink on deep blue paper.
[Image to scan]	1815. - Philip Hedgeland, printer, advertisement Exeter : Philip Hedgeland, [ 1815?]. - This unusually detailed advertisement shows the large variety of business conducted by members of the book trades in this period. Beside the printing and retail saleof books (itself a rare combination today) Hegeland dealt in a wide range patent medicines, stationery, sheet music, and musical instruments. He also ran an active bookibnding section. He had set up in business in about 1792 and died in 1817, being succeeded by his son. The sign of the Bible was, as might be expected, a popular one for booksellers.
[Image to scan]	1823. - The late noted Tommy Osborne, second-hand bookseller, and M.P. for the ancient &,Royal borough of Ide, in 1812. - [Exeter] : [Publisher unascertained], [ 1823?]. - Tommy Osborne died in 1823 aged 41. He was a noted character in the streets of Exeter and achieved the rare distinction of featuring as a candidate at the Ide mock election which took place at the time of parliamentary elections. Through this portrait he survives as a solitary representative of the numerous hawkers and itinerants who helped in the distribution of popular literature in Devon.
[Image to scan]	1826. - Miss Mend's establishment for the education of young ladies [Exeter] : Tremans, printers, [ 1826?]. - This advertisement for a private school for young ladies forms the front cover of a folded sheet used for correspondence, in this case an account posted to Mrs Hancock of Ford House near Wiveliscombe for her daughter's board and institution, as well as an itemised account of educational costs, including 1s 3d for the use of books and 1s for a slate. Instruction in writing, arithmetic and books cost a further £1 14s out of a total expenditure of £26 5s 7½d. It is good to know that after so much expenditure Miss Hancock was "still going on well".
[Image to scan]	1836. - Prospectus of the South Wester Railway [London?] : [Publisher unascertained], 1836. - The 1830s was the age of railway mania, with many schemes floated which never came to fruition. The proposal of a southern route to Exeter, leaving the London to Southampton line at a point between Basingstoke and Winchester, was not to come to fruition until Exeter Central station was opened in 1860.
[Image to scan]	1839. - Peter. An account of the extraordinary convulsion and land-slip, near Axmouth, Devon. - [Publisher unascertained, [ 1840?]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE B/AXM 7/1840. - After the subsidence of 8,000,000 tons of soil on Christmas Eve 1839, forming a chasm more than a kilometre long and 100 metres wide, many visited to sketch the remarkable scene and various accounts were produced, ranging from the detailed and magnificently illustrated study by Conybeare and Dawson to small booklets and leaflets such as the one exhibited here. Printers could make use of the large wood engravings which were appearing regularly in magazines such as the Illustrated London News and had the advantage of being able to be printed at the same time as the text, unlike engravings which used a different printing process.
[Image to scan]	1843. - Great Western Railway timetable [London] : Great Western Railway, 1843. - The railway to Beam Bridge, just over the border in Somerset, was opened on 1 May 1843. Until the completion of the line to Exeter on 1 May 1844 trains were met by coaches which conveyed passengers along the Exeter turnpike road into Devon. Apart from the need to standardise time (Taunton was 15 minutes later than London time), it was necessary for printers to develop complex new layouts to accommodate the timetable information required by users of this new service.
[Image to scan]	1845. - Hooper, W. Erected to perpetuate the memory of William Tucker. Monumental inscription, 1845. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1848. - Exeter City Council Guy Fawkes Night warning Exeter : W. Norton, printer, 1848. - [Text to add]
	1849. - The Exeter Hospital waltz Exeter : E. Carpentier de Selvier, [ 1849?]. - [Text to add]
	1850. - Wrestling match for a purse of sovereigns [Exeter?] : [Publisher unascertained, [ 1850?]. Westcountry Studies Library: LE 1850. - Can this poster advertise a real day's entertainment? All the events seem too delightful to be true and the printer is cheerfully vague about when it will be taking place and where. Perhaps it is meant to be an amusing pastiche of all the summer fairs and fetes that have filled village greeens across England for centuries.
[Image to scan]	1855. - Dawlish Dispensary poster Dawlish : Westcott,[ 1870?]. - [Text to add]
	1855. - Wilson, John. Opening of the North Devon Railway from Bideford to Barnstaple, on Monday 29th October 1855. - Bideford : Wilson, printer , [ 1855]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE B/BID/1855. - It was a useful accomplishment if the local printer could turn his hand to producing occasional verse. John Wilson, who had succeeded his father Robert in 1834 used his talent on a number of occasions, including the witing of an epitaph in verse for Captain Henry Clarke when he was buried in Bideford Churchyard in 1836.
[Image to scan]	1856. - 1856. Exeter City Council. Commemoration of end of Crimean War [Exeter] : G. Townsend del., 1856. - [Text to add]
1860-1942. The spread of mechanisation The introduction of the steam powered printing press made it possible to produce the first daily newspaper in Devon, the Western morning news in 1860. Improvements in typesetting and paper manufacture brought down the cost of printing in the later part of the century. Posters could boast a range of type faces and it was possible for local societies to produce regular publications, such as parish magazines. It became possible to include photographic illustrations in books and this gave a new dimension to topographical writing in Devon. This technical advance was often at the expense of quality, as the many disintegrating volumes from this period bear witness on the shelves of Exeter's libraries. The education acts meant that universal literacy seemed a realistic goal and from 1870 the establishment of the public library service in Exeter brought books into the hands of everyone.
[Image to scan]	1866? - Execution of Mrs Winsor at Exeter. - [Exeter?] : [Publisher unascertained, [ 1866?]. Westcountry Studies Library: ME 1866. The case of the baby farmer Mrs Winsor was a great scandal at the time and the printer of this broadsheet was certain he could turn an honest penny by printing the account of her execution. Unfortunately he jumped the gun. Calcraft, the hangman was called down to Exeter three times but eventually Winsor was reprieved.
[Image to scan]	1869. - Edward S.Shapley's sparkling champagne cider Torquay : Edward S. Shapley, 1869. - [Text to add]
	1870. - Exeter City Library. Regulations Exeter : Exeter City Council, [ 1870?]. - Westcountry Studies Library: Ephemera. Exeter's first public library opened in 1869 and the regulations of which an extract is shown here, probably date from soon after. Kelly's directory of Devonshire (1906), p.210, says: "The Public Library comprises a general reference library, the Fisher reference library, bequeathed in 1897 by Mrs E. Fisher of Newton Abbot, the Kent Kingdon Bequest, presented and endowed by the late Kent Kingdon, esq. special collections of books on Devonshire, shorthand &c.; and a lending library and general reading room for daily and weekly papers, magazines &c.;"
	1880. - Ilfracombe, North Devon. Grand international steeple chaise. April 6th 1880. - [Ilfracombe?] : [Publisher unascertained, [ 1880]. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE B/ILF/1880/04/06. - A cunningly contrived adaptation of the traditional horseracing poster, complete with a stock block of jockeys such as could be obtained off the shelf from several typefounders. Despite investigation by Ilfracombe Museum, the circumstances which gave rise to this satirical production have not been ascertained, even though the persons alluded to are identified on the back.
[Image to scan]	1883. - An olde Englyshe fayre Exeter : James Townsend, 1882. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1884. - Commital of John Babbacombe Lee, the man they could not hang London : H. Such, 1884. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1885. - A grand banquet at the Boer's Head Hotel Exeter : H. Besley & Son, [ 1885?]. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1887. - True account of the terrible fire at Exeter London : H.P.Such, 1887. - Westcountry Studies Library: LE B/EXE/1887. As in the case of John Babbacombe Lee in 1884, H.P.Such was able from his printing office in London to exploit a Devon event in this rare and fragile broadsheet. The fire in Exeter on 5 September 1887 during the production of Romany Rye claimed 186 lives and led to the introduction of the safety curtain in British theatres. A public subscription raised the considerable sum of £20,763 to assist the families of those who perished.
[Image to scan]	1895. - Western Counties Musical Association [Exeter] : [Western Counties Musical Association], 1895. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1901. - Exeter City Council. Proclamation of His Majesty King Edward VII. - Exeter : W.J.Southwood & Co., [ 1901]. - Westcountry Studies Library: ME B/EXE/1901/01/25. [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1913. - Exeter City Council. .Port of Exeter: rates of towage per Exeter Corporation steam tug "Queen of the Exe". - [Exeter] : [Exeter City Council], 1913. - Westcountry Studies Library: ME B/EXE/1913/02. [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1923. - Palladium Cinema, Exeter Exeter : Palladium Cinema, 1923. - Bill Douglas Centre. 19550. - [Text to add]
	1928. - League of Nations Union. In supportof the Kellogg peace proposals to outlaw war. Procession at 7.30 p. m. […] meeting at 8 p. m. - Exeter : Express & Echo printers, [ 1928]. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1933. - The western fascist, nos. 8 and 16. - Plymouth : British Union of Fascists, 1933-1934. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1936. - Dellers. New year's dinner and dance. - Exeter : Dellers, 1936. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1938. - Strand Super Cinema, Bideford Bideford : Strand Super Cinema, 1938. - Bill Douglas Centre. 18928/1. - [Text to add]
	1940. - Exmouth Urban District Council. Fouling of footpaths by dogs. - Exmouth: W. J. Delderfield & Sons, printers, 1940. - Westcountry Studies Library. LE EXM/1940. - [Text to add]
1942-2000. War and revival. The blitz in 1942 not only affected the premises of several Exeter printers but it also destroyed Exeter and Plymouth Public Libraries. Exeter City Library did not receive new premises until 1965 and several printers moved permanently away from the centre of Exeter. The Express and Echo was among those moving to out-of-town industrial estates in the 1990s, combining the move with an investment in the next stage of printing technology with heavy dependence on electronic news gathering. The growth of information and communication technology has greatly affected the way the written word is now received, with access to the Internet in libraries, offices and private homes throughout Devon.
[Image to scan]	1942. - Exeter Blitz (front page of Express and Echo) Exeter : Express and Echo, 1942. - [Text to add]
	1943. - Exeter Holidays at Home Cheltenham : New Centurion Publishing Co., 1943. - Westcountry Studies Library. ME B/EXE/1943/07/31. - [Text to add]
	1952. - Exeter Lammas Fair Committee. City of Exeter Lammas Fair: news and programme. Exeter, July 14th-19th, 1952. - Exeter : Exeter Lammas Fair Committee, 1952. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1953. - Exeter City Council. Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II […] souvenir programme. - Exeter : Exeter City Council, 1953. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1956. - University of Exeter. Extra-Mural Department.Extension courses. - Exeter : University of Exeter, 1956. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1973. - Devon County Council. The motorway into Devon : the challenge. - Exeter : Devon County Council, 1973. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1973. - Conservation Society. Devon Branch. The motorway into Devon: the challenge accepted. - Exeter : ConservationSociety, 1973. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1973. - Northcott Theatre.Edward Bond, Bingo. - Exeter : Northcott Theatre, 1973. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
	1974. - Elizabeth II. Charter granted to the City of Exeter. - Manuscript, 1974. - Devon Record Office: Charters 56. [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1975. - Exeter Festival Committee.Exeter Festival '75: souvenir programme. - Exeter : Exeter Festival Committee, 1975. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1977. - Worthless words. - Exeter : Worthless Words, 1977. - Westcountry Studies Library. sxPER/WOR. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1979. - Okehampton Bypass Action Group. The southern (moorland) route: the wrong way forOkehampton. - Okehampton : Okehampton Bypass Action Group, 1979. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1981. - Exeter City Council.Exeter: the planning issues. - Exeter : Exeter City Council, 1981. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1989. - All Star Promotions. Wrestling, St. George's Hall, Thursday 30th Nov. - Loverpool : AllStarPromotions, 1989. - Westcountry Studies Library. OE B/EXE/1989/11/30. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1996. - Internet Express. [Publicity leaflets]. - Exeter : Internet Express, 1996. - Westcountry Studies Library. Ephemera. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	1999. - Devon County Council. Help stamp out the millennium bug. - Exeter : Devon County Council, 1999. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
	2000. - Stoke Hill First School. ABC [written by young Exeter schoolchild]. - Manuscript, [ 1999]. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	2000. - University of Exeter. The Exeter Millennium Ball. - Exeter : University of Exeter, 1999. - Westcountry Studies Library. - [Text to add]
Themes: [Text to add]
A. Art and Architecture The artist has always been called on to embellish and explain the written word, from the illumination of medieval manuscripts to the engravings that accompany many private press books in the 20th century. The development of a range of illustrative techniques has meant that the book, essentially a textual medium, has been able to present the visual arts to a wide public. Albrecht D³rer was one of the first major artists to exploit printing, and illustrations have been used to explain the work of architects such as Vitruvius and Palladio and to reproduce the works of artists such as Reynolds. Critics like Pugin and Ruskin and drawing masters such as Cox have used text and illustration in combination, the engraver or lithographer often providing as great an artistic contribution as the master who produced the original artwork.
[Image to scan]	Vitruvius. De architectura, Como: Gothardus da Ponte, 1521. - University of Exeter Library: Rare books A 1521/VIT/X. - Bruni & Evans 190. - The only handbook of architecture and aesthetics to survive in its entirety from classical antiquity, this work had an immense influence on the work of all Renaissance architects and artists. It was first published in Rome in 1486 and this is the first Italian translation, made by Cesare Cesariano, a pupil of Bramante. The illustrations are attributed in part to Leonardo da Vinci. The page exhibited (fo. 88) shows the design for a heated bath.
[Image to scan]	Palladio, Andrea. I quattri libri dell'architettura, Venice: Bartolomeo Carampello, 1601. - University of Exeter Library: Rare books B 1601/PAL/X. - Bruni & Evans (2) 135. Among those who studied Vitruvius was Palladio who later developed a classical style of his own, the Palladian style, which greatly influenced Inigo Jones who annotated his own copy of Palladio's works extensively. His notes were incorporated into the first English translation, published in 1715, with Sir Christopher Wren included among the subscribers. Displayed is a plan an elevation of a villa in Verona.
	Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Seven discourses delivered in the Royal Academy by the President. - London : T.Cadell, 1778. - Westcountry Studies Library: s701/GEN/REY. - ESTC t047974. - Reynolds was born in Plympton in 1724 and became the first President of the Royal Academy in 1768, being knighted in the following year. He was influential in promoting the careers of a number of Devon painters. These lectures on aesthetics demonstrate a cultivated literary style and Reynolds had helped to establish a literary club whose members included Johnson, Garrick, Burke, Goldsmith, Boswell and Sheridan. He is most famous for his portraits and more than 700 engravings have been produced from his works.
	Cox, David A treatise on landscape painting, London : S. & J.Fuller, 1841. - University of Plymouth Library: OS/750.92/COX. - This treatise was first published in parts in 1813-14. It uses a series of sixteen hand-coloured aquatints to illustrate techniques of colouring and composition. The aquatint, a technique of etching which uses a semipermeable granular ground to eat a fine network of cells into the copper printing plate, produces a soft wash effect which is well suited to reproduce watercolour paintings.
	Pugin, Augustus Charles. Specimens of Gothic architectire, London , 1821-23. - Devon and Exeter Institution: L.11.21-22. - Pugin was instrumental in turning the attitude to Gothic architecture from that of a fashionable craze which produced the cottage orné on the coast of Devon but generated little serious study into an informed appreciation of the formidable aesthetic, technical and architectural elements that made up a style that had dominated western Europe for three centuries. His work influenced architects later in the Victorian period and he was largely responsible for the Gothic revival which culminated in buildings such as St Pancras Station.
	Ruskin, John. Modern painters, 3rd edition. - . London , 1846. - Devon and Exeter Institution: L.5.1-5. - This series of five treatises was published over a period of seventeen years and provides a profound analysis of the nature of art and its relationship to beauty and imagination. Ruskin was anxious that art should spread more widely into all aspects of human activity and, writing in a materialistic age which was driven by the industrial revolution, he was much ahead of his time.
[Image to scan]	Morris, William. Some hints on pattern designing, London, 1899. - [Text to add]
B. Bookbinding and typography The care lavished on many manuscripts shows that the book could be considered as an object of beauty, and many early printers also took pains over the appearance of their publications. Type design was a meticulous craft and alphabets were designed for the new medium of typography: roman, italic, fraktur, civilité and the modern style typefaces of the 18th and 19th centuries which cut loose from the calligraphic origins of letter forms. The techniques of the woodcut, engraving and, from the 19th century, lithography made it possible to present illustrations to accompany the text, even before the advent of photography and the protective covering provided a further design opportunity for the bookbinder. Gold tooling replaced blind-stamped decoration and in the 19th century publishers' casings replaced traditional binding, opening up a new medium for decoration which publishers were quick to exploit.
	Horace. Horatii Flacci poemata omnia. - Venice: Aldus Manutius, 1519. - University of Plymouth Library: UPL 655.4/MAN. - Aldus Manutius (1450-1515) gathered a group of Greek scholars who assisted in the preparation of editions of classical authors. He also commissioned two influential typefaces, a roman that was lighter than most of those used in the 15th century and the first italic, cut by Francesco Griffo and used in 1501 as a text type in the works of Virgil, which initiated the first series of pocket editions of classical texts, a presursor of modern paperbacks. The title-page has his emblematic printer's mark incorporating the anchor and dolphin to illustrate his motto: hasten slowly. It was widely forged by unscrupulous printers who pirated his works.
	Vaenius, Otho. Amorum emblematica figuris aeneis incisa, Antverpia : apud auctorem,  1608. - Exeter Reference Library: o1608. - The emblem book enjoyed a considerable vogue during the 16th and 17th centuries. Symbolic pictures, linked to allegorical verses served to make a moral or philosophical point. The illustrations were often of an extremely high standard and this genre of publication appealed to those who had pretensions to belong to the intellectual and cultural elite.
[Image to scan]	Pine, John. Publii Virgilii Maronis Bucolica et Georgica, 1774. - [Text to add]
	Blair, Robert. The grave, . Illustrated by twelve etchings executed by Louis Schiavonetti from the original inventions of William Blake. - London : T.Bensley, 1808. - University of Plymouth. This work brings together three leading talents of the time, the visionary William Blake (1757-1827) who had illustrated a number of his own books without commercial success, Louis Schiavonetti, one of the most successful engravers of the time, and Thomas Bensley (d. 1835), the rival of William Bulmer in producing editions de luxe. The work is open at Blake's image of the day of judgment, typical of his powerful visionary style.
[Image to scan]	Bewick, Thomas. A general history of quadrupeds, 3rd ed, 1792. - University of Plymouth: 655/PIC One of a series of publications of the works of British poets which aimed to produce classics in cheap but beautiful editions, inspired by Aldus Manutius. The printer William Pickering (1796-1854) revived the use of "old-style" typefaces in a period when typographical standards were in decline.
	Prior, Matthew. The works of Matthew Prior. - London : William Pickering, 1835. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Wordsworth, William. Poems, 1866. - [Text to add]
[Link to check]	Poe, Edgar Allan. The poetical works, 1867. - [Text to add]
	Caxton, William. The golden legend. - Hammersmith : Kelmscott Press, 1892. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Burns, Robert. Songs. - 1901. - Guild of Women Binders
	Shakespeare, William. Twelfth night. - Waltham St Lawrence : Golden Cockerell Press, 1932. - University of Plymouth, Exeter Campus Library: 761.2/RAV. - The Golden Cockerel Press, established at Waltham St. Lawrence by Harold Midgley Taylor in 1920, was taken over by Robert Gibbings in 1924. Its productions were distinguished for their use of woodcuts by leading artists including Eric Gill, who designed the typeface for the press, John Nash and Eric Ravilious.
[No image available]	Artists' books A selection from Plymouth University Library. - These have been defined by the Art Libraries Society as "A book or book-like object in which an artist has a major input, beyond illustration and authorship; where the final appearance of the book owes much to an artist's interference/participation, where the book is a work of art in itself." A selection of these bibliobjects which have a typographical theme was made from the collections of the University of Plymouth Library: Bently, John. Deptfordia (1995) Cobbing, Bob. Bob jubilee (1990) Finlay, Ian Hamilton. Canal game (1967) King, Ronald. Echo book (1994).
C. The christian church During the middle ages it was largely theological works that filled the shelves of monastic and cathedral libraries, and it was through theology that the printing press came of age during the Reformation with controversial religious pamphlets pouring from the presses of Europe after Luther had nailed his theses to the door of Wittenberg church. Sermons and other religious tracts formed the largest class of publications during the earliest decades of English provincial printing, and sectarian and millenarian works such as those of the Devonian Joanna Southcott have always commanded a ready sale among followers. With the presence of Exeter Cathedral Library and several parish libraries in the custody of the University of Exeter, the items included represent only a few examples from many thousands of titles.
[Image to scan]	Augustine. De civitate dei, Venice : Nicholas Jenson, 1475. - University of Exeter. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Bede. Historia ecclesiastica, Coloniae Agrippinae : Officina Birckmannica, 1601. - [Text to add]
	A Kempis, Thomas. De imitatione Christi, Leyden : Joh. & Dan. Elsevier, 1622. - Exeter Cathedral Library: G.KEM. - This classic of 15th century German mysticism was written by a monk in the Augustinian convent in Zwolle. Its purpose is to instruct the soul in Christian perfection and it was intended originally for monks and anchorites. It has an enduring place in the hearts of christians of all denominations. First printed by 1473, it has reached more than 2,000 editions and has been translated into more than fifty languages. This small format edition is intended for personal devotion; the original volume is only 10 cm tall.
	Luther, Martin. De lucubrationum pars una, Basiliae : apud Adam Petri, 1520. - Exeter Cathedral Library: DP.LUT. - Luther was the first to harness the power of the press in a determined propaganda campaign. His attacks on papal authority were issued as pamphlets which circulated rapidly in thousands of copies, making the presses of the small town of Wittenberg among the most prominent in Europe. His translation of the New Testament into German (1522) was instrumental in establishing the Saxon dialect as the standard form of the language.
[Image to scan]	Church of England. Boke of common prayer, London : Edward Whitchurch, 1552. - Exeter Cathedral Library. SR X36. - STC 16279-90. - [Text to add]
	Bible. The Bible, translated according to the Ebrew and Greeke, London : deputies of Christopher Barker, 1594. - Exeter Reference Library: o1594. - STC 2160/3. - Many Protestants fled England during Mary's reign, among them John Bodley, the Exeter merchant and father of Sir Thomas Bodley, who settled in Geneva, where he was involved in the translation of the Bible into English by a group of scholars including William Whittingham. During Elizabeth's reign Bodley was granted the monopoly for seven years for distributing the Geneva Bible in England. Printed in a smaller format than previous Bibles, the first edition was the first English version to use roman type and to be divided into verses. The translation is also known as the Breeches Bible from its translation of Genesis iii, 7.
	Foxe, John. Acts and monuments of matters most speciall … - 8th edition. - London : for the CompanyofStationers, 1641. - Devon and Exeter Institution. Gal. Cup. 1. - Wing F2035. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Jewel, John. Apolgia ecclesiae anglicanane, London : Arn. Hatfield, 1599. - University of Exeter Library. Crediton Lib 1599/JEW. - STC 14585. - [Text to add]
	Hooker, Richard. Of the lawes of ecclesiastical politie. London : W.Stansbie, 1611. - Westcountry Studies Library, Exeter: sx262.9/GEN/HOO Richard Hooker (c.1554-1600), born just outside Exeter, intended this work as a defence of the Church of England as it was established during the reign of Elizabeth and it includes a full discussion of the nature of spiritual and secular authority. As well as being an important theological tract it is, in its discussion of the relationship between church and state, one of the first works of English political theory.
. [Image to scan]	Southcott, Joanna. The strange effects of faith, The strange effects of faith. - Exeter : T. Brice, 1801. - Westcountry Studies Library, Exeter: s920/SOU/A1:1. - [Text to add]
D. Devon's history The history of Devon's history is not entirely a happy one. The county does not boast a multivolume work to rival those of some other counties, nor has the Victoria County History extended beyond the first volume, despite several attempts to revive it. Nevertheless antiquarians and historians have been studying Devon since the sixteenth century when John Leland included the county in his itineraries. The first to compile a county survey was John Hooker, Exeter's first Chamberlain in the 1590s. Although never completely printed, his work served as a quarry for other antiquaries in the seventeenth century whose work also circulated for many years in manuscript before being published. Polwhele at the end of the eighteenth century and Daniel Lysons at the start of the nineteenth both saw their histories appear in their lifetimes. In the 20th century the presence of the influential historian W.G.Hoskins in Exeter resulted in the best recent one-volume history of the county and his techniques also set a model for future work in local history across the country, extending its scope to the study of the whole community. In this section some of the early histories are included with notes on the problems they faced in seeing the light of day.
	Hooker, John. "The synposis chorographicall of Devonshire", Manuscript, 1599. - Devon Record Office: Z19/18/9. - Two manuscripts of Hooker's survey survive, the one in the British Library being somewhat shorter than the Exeter one exhibited here. The shorter version was seen by Judge Doddridge after having been offered to a 'person of honourable place in the commonwealth', possibly Sir Walter Raleigh. The text appears to have been considered for publication and was passed by Doddridge to the London printer Zachary Pasfeild. The Exeter manuscript was in the hands of the historian John Prince in 1686 and must also have been seen by the seventeenth century historians Risdon, Pole and Westcote.
	Risdon, Tristram. "The decimes, or a chorographicall description of the county of Devon", Manuscript, c.1630. - Westcountry Studies Library. sxDEV/1605/RIS. Acc. No. 110715. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Risdon, Tristram. A continuation of the survey of Devon, London : E. Curll, 1714. - Westcountry Studies Library. sDEV/1605/RIS. Acc. No. 118469. STC n044664. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Chapple, William. A review of part of Risdon's Survey of Devon, Exeter : B. Thorn, 1785. - Westcountry Studies Library. sDEV/0001/CHA. Acc. No. 12467. STC t069294. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Risdon, Tristram. The chorographical description or survey of the county of Devon, Plymouth : Rees & Curtis, 1811. - Westcountry Studies Library. sxDEV/1605/RIS. Acc. No. 12466. - [Text to add]
	Westcote, Thomas. [A view of Devonshire], Manuscript, c.1680. - Westcountry Studies Library. sxDEV/1630/WES. Acc. No. 110704. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Westcote, Thomas. A view of Devonshire in MDCXXX, Exeter : W.Roberts, 1845. - Westcountry Studies Library. sxDEV/1630/WES. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Pole, Sir William. Collections towards a description of the county of Devon, London : J. Nichols, 1791. - Westcountry Studies Library. sxDEV/0001/POL. - ESTC t182928. - [Text to add]
E. Encyclopedias and dictionaries The printing press, with its ability to produce hundreds of identical copies of a text, made it much easier to refer to specific pieces of information within a work. From early times works of reference such as dictionaries and encyclopaedic works began to appear in print. Books were soon provided with numbered pages, tables of contents and indexes, features which could not be standardised when books were individually produced by hand. Language dictionaries were required as a basis for editing and interpreting classical texts and printers like Estienne were involved in a scholarly capacity in their compilation. The growth of scientific knowledge and the contribution of Bacon to the systematisation of learning inspired the encyclopaedists of the Age of Enlightenment and the growth of literacy and the development of mechanisation in the 19th century made possible the mass-production of cheap reference works published in parts at the cost of as little as one penny per issue.
[Image to scan]	Plinius Secundus. Historie of the world, 1601. - University of Exeter Library. Totnes 1601/PLI/X. - STC 20029. - [Text to add]
	Estienne, Robert. Dictionarium seu latinae linguae thesaurus, Parisiis : ex officina Roberti Stephani, 1536. - Exeter Reference Library: d1536. - Robert Estienne (1503-59) is one of the greatest of the scholar printers of the Renaissance and his dictionary is his greatest achievement. Unlike his medieval predecessors Estienne worked on the principle that Latin usage should be based on classical authors. He was to build on this work by producing a series of French-Latin dictionaries which were to help to create and standardise the classical French language.
Harris, John. Lexicon technicum,	Harris, John. Lexicon technicum, London : Dan. Brown [etc], 1704. - Exeter Cathedral Library: MED/HAR. - Learmouth & Macwilliam 12. - Harris was a clergyman who was also a mathematician and, from 1709, secretary of the Royal Society. He produced the first English encyclodpedia in alphabetical order and what may well be the first technical dictionary to appear in any language. He was assisted by various contributors, the most notable of which was Isaac Newton.
[Image to scan]	Chambers, Ephraim. Cyclopedia. - 2nd edition. - London : 1738. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Encyclopédie: recueil de planches. - New edition. - 1778-81. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Johnson, Samuel. Dictionary of the English language. - 2nd edition. - London : J.Knapton [etc], 1760. - University of Exeter Library. RC 423/JOH. - ESTC t083959. - [Text to add]
	Webster, Noah. A dictionary of the English language. - 1831. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Penny cyclopedia. - London : Charles Knight, 1833-46. - University of Plymouth Library. - [Text to add]
	Encyclopedia britannica. - 11th edition. - Cambridge : Cambridge UniversityPress, 1910-11. - Exeter Reference Library. sx032. [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	New English dictionary. - Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1888-1933. - Exeter Reference Library. sx423. [Text to add]
F. Film and moving image Film might seem to have little to do with the written word, being centred so much around the visual, an image on the screen. However the industry which surrounds the films themselves depends to a very large extent on words. A film will begin life as a screenplay, a text submitted to the studio by a writer. Words are, and have been, essential to the publicity used to promote films before their general release to the public. And many of the products which are produced in the aftermath of a film's screening rely heavily on words - books giving the story of the film, biographies of the stars, fan magazines, are just a few of the many examples of the importance of words to the film industry. The Bill Douglas Centre has a very extensive library of books and periodicals relating to films and their history, as well as commemorative programmes, sheet music, posters and other ephemera.
	Kirchner, Athanasius. Ars magna lucis et umbrae, Amstelodami : J.Jansson, 1671. - Bill Douglas Centre. - [Text to add]
	Hepworth, Cecil M. Animated photography, London : Hazell, Watson & Viney, 1897. - Bill Douglas Centre 42778. - Cecil Hepworth was one of the earliest pioneers of film in Britain, working as a director and a producer, and also developing improved methods of projection. This work was the earliest manual on the production and display of motion pictures to be produced in Britain; it covered all aspects from shooting and developing the film to the mechanics of the different types of projectors.
[Image to scan]	Dickson, W.K.L. History of the kinetograph, kinetoscope and kineto-phonograph, [New York] : [Dickson], 1895. - Bill Douglas Centre 33900. - [Text to add]
	Menu: first private view of Mr Thomas Edison's marvellous kinetoscope, Wednesday October 17, 1894 [London] : [Horseshoe Hotel], 1894. - Bill Douglas Centre 76927. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Lumiere, Louis. Postcard, 1941 [Publisher unascertained], 1941. - Bill Douglas Centre 76727. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Mason's series of lectures for the lantern. No. 8: A holiday in Devonshire, 1900? - [Text to add]
	La Scala, Saltcoats. Ophans of the storm, 1923. - [Text to add]
	Empire Theatre, Chatham. Blackmail, 1929. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	British Board of Film Censors. Lone Ranger, ep. 1: Hi jo silver, 1950s. - [Text to add]
	Cathay Circle Theatre. Hollywood premiere. Charles Chaplin ... in The great dictator, 1940. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Oscars: 70th annual Academy Awards, Monday, March 23, 1998 1998. - [Text to add]
	Ealing Studios. Passport to Pimlico. - Ealing : Ealing Studios, 1949. - Bill Douglas Centre 19905. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Hepworth, Cecil M. Animated photography, London : Hazell, Watson & Viney, 1897. - Bill Douglas Centre 42778. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Mitchell, Margaret. Gone with the wind, 1941. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Howard, Sidney. GWTW: the screenplay, 1979. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Arai, Yoshio. The first American teenager: James Dean, 1977. - [Text to add]
G. Genealogy and heraldry Genealogy has always been an important human preoccupation, from the pedigree of Christ as given in the Bible, through the descent of the rulers of Wessex from Norse gods and heroes as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to the rights to bear arms as drawn up in the heraldic visitations of Devon and other counties during the 16th and 17th centuries. In many instances the ability to prove descent also proved entitlement to estates, so there were legal and financial reasons for accurate genealogical research. Today genealogy is a very popular hobby and researchers can draw on a wide range of earlier compilations which are held in several collections in Exeter. Not all of these were necessarily compiled with genealogical research in mind and so much linking together of scattered references is required to build a family tree.
[Image to scan]	Courtenay Family. "Parentalia Courtenayorum", Manuscript, 1308-1313? - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	West Country arms, Manuscript, 1595? - Devon Record Office: 5477/C/Z1. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Vincent, Augustine. A discoverie of errors in the first edition of The catalogue of nobility, London : William Jaggard, 1622. - Exeter Reference Library.o1622. - STC 27546. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Prince, John. Danmonii orientales illustres; or, the worthies of Devon, Exeter: S.Farley, 1701. - Westcountry Studies Library, Exeter: sf920.02/DEV/PRI. - John Prince was born in Axminster in 1643 and was many years vicar of Berry Pomeroy. He had access to the works of earlier antiquaries including Hooker for his lives of eminent Devonians and made the rather rash step of entrusting its production to the newly arrived Exeter press of Samuel Farley. It was several years in the making and exhausted the resources and patience of two of the leading London publishers of the day, Awnsham and John Churchill. As a result the second half of the alphabet is much shorter than the first. Nevertheless, for a provincial printer, the work is typographically very ambitious with generous layout. Woodcut coats of arms accompany 191 biographies and Prince relates many interesting anecdotes about his subjects.
[Image to scan]	Prince, John. "Danmonii orientales illustres, volume the second", Manuscript, 1846. - [Text to add]
	Burke, John. A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerage and baronetage of the British Empire. - 4th edition. - London : Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1832. - Exeter Central Library: 929.72 This important reference work, known generally as Burke's Peerage, was first published in 1826. The compiler starts off appropriately with the royal family and then provides pedigrees of all the noble families of the British Isles. Burke later produced a companion work covering the landed gentry. Both compilations went through many editions.
[Image to scan]	College of Arms. The visitation of London in the year 1566, 1869. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Ottery St Mary. Parish. The registers of baptisms, marriages and burials of the parish of Ottery St. Mary, 1908-29. - [Text to add]
H. Health and medicine There has for many centuries been a strong tradition of medicine in Exeter and it is not surprising that medical literature is well represented in Exeter libraries. It was an Exeter physician, Dr Robert Vilvaine, who was instrumental in rescuing the Cathedral Library during the Commonwealth, and in the late 18th century the extensive medical collection of Dr Thomas Glass (1709-86) was bequeathed to the Cathedral Library "for use of any physician of the city". The Devon and Exeter Hospital was founded in 1741, and in 1813 the Exeter Medical Library was established to serve the medical staff of the Hospital. There were also many individual medical practitioners in Devon, such as William Musgrave and George Baker, who published the results of their researches and observations. Today Exeter Medical Library accesses medical information on CD-ROM or through the Internet.
	John of Gaddesden. " " Rosa medicinae " Manuscript, [ 1350]. - Exeter Cathedral Library: Ms 3506. - Ker ii, 811-3. - John of Gaddesden flourished in the 14th century and was an Oxford doctor of physic appointed to Edward II who is mentioned in Chaucer's Canterbury tales. With a typical medieval love of imagery he derived his title from the fact that like the five petals of a rose, there are five parts to his book, dealing with fevers, injuries, hygiene, diet and drugs. The initial Q on folio 236v. contains a seated reader and is used for the bookplate of the Exeter Medical Library. This manuscript was given to the Cathedral Library by John Mongwell senior, an Exeter bookseller, in January 1659. It had previously belonged to John Woolton, an Exeter physician and the eldest son of John Woolton (1536-1593/4), Bishop of Exeter 1579-94. John Woolton was a fellow of All Souls, Oxford. He was in practice in Exeter and licenced in 1593. On giving up practice he retired to Pilland, Pilton, near Barnstaple in north Devon, where he died late in 1614 or early in 1615. His will, proved 23 February 1615, is in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury records in the Public Record Office (PCC 20 Rudd). A typescript extract by Sir Oswyn Murray is in the Westcountry Studies Library, Exeter. It does not mention his books and manuscripts. (Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, vol. 14, p. 335). -
	Hippocates. Operum Hippocratis Koi quae Graece et latine extant. Tomus secundus. - Venetiis : apud Iuntas, 1588. - Exeter Medical Library: EML/HIP. - Bruni & Evans 87. - Hippocrates lived from 460 to 375 BCE and is known as the father of medicine. He developed the idea of diagnostic medicine and freed the science from the superstition and priestly influence that had bedevilled it, basing his work on the accumulated practical experience of Egypt and Greece. His "Hippocratic oath" is still accepted as a valid statement of the duties of the medical practitioner. His complete works were first published in Latin in Rome in 1525 and the present publication is a series of extracts by Hieronymus Mercurialis.
[Image to scan]	Galen. Opera omnia, Venice : Heirs of Lucantonio Giunta, 1541. - Exeter Cathedral Library MED/GAL. - Bruni & Evans 72. - Galen, who lived in Greece in the second century was the main authority cited by medieval physicians. He wrote on a wide range of subjects and was a keen observer but his deductive methods lead to many speculative ideas among later practitioners, and the reliance on him as an unassailable authority retarded the progress of medicine until after the arrival of the printing press.
[Image to scan]	Vesalius, Andreas. De humani corporis fabricia, Basle : Johannes Oporinus, 1555. - Exeter Cathedral Library: SR. - Vesalius, a Fleming who lived 1514-64 was professor of anatomy and surgery at Padua. He broke with the traditional authority of Galen, basing his accurate knowledge of the human body on dissection. His work was first published by the scholarly Basle printer Oporinus in 1543 with excellent woodcut illustrations by Jan van Calcar which were much imitated. The second edition, exhibited here, uses a larger font, corrects the faulty pagination and index of 1543 and makes considerable revisions to the text. A summary was published under the title Epitome fabriciae corporis humanae (Antwerp: C.Plantin, 1565) - Exeter Cathedral Library: MED/VES.
[Image to scan]	Cowper, William. Anatomie of humane bodies. - 2nd edition. - Leiden : J. A. Langerak, 1737. - Exeter Medical Library: ZZ/COW. - This work shows the often underhand way in which knowledge was spread. It is in part pirated from Anatomia humani corporis by Godfried Bidloo which was published in Amsterdam in 1685. Building on Vesalius, the work which first appeared in 1698 was illustrated by 105 detailed copperplate engravings by Gerard de Lairesse. Large numbers of sets of these engravings were secretly imported into England and used by Cowper to illustrate his work.
	Harvey, William. Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis, Leyden : Johannes van Kerckhem, 1737. - Exeter medical Library: HAR. - William Harvey (1578-1657) was the first to explain satisfactorily the circulation of the blood, proving experimentally that the blood in animals is impelled in a circular course through the veins and arteries by the beating of the heart rather than being continually produced by ingested food and the heart's porous system. It was first published in 1628 and this 18th century version, edited by Albinus has on page 56 the statement where Harvey's first thoughts on circulation are given: Coepi egomet mecum cogitare ... I began to think whether there might not be a movement, as it were, in a circle ...
[Link to check]	Musgrave, William. De arthritide, Exeter: Samuel Farley, 1703. - Westcountry Studies Library. ESTC t102935 William Musgrave (1655-1721) was one of Exeter's most significant medical practitioners and was also well known as an antiquary. He was one of the first members of the Royal Society and its secretary from 1680 to 1684. In this work he gives the first association of one type of arthritis with gonorrhoea. He practised many years in Exeter and is remembered today by the street name Musgrave Row.
	Paré, Ambroise. The works of that famous chirurgeon Ambrose Parey. - London : Mary Clark for John Clark, 1678. - Exeter Medical Library: EML/PAR. - Wing P351. - Ambroise Paré (1509-1590) was one of the leading French surgeons of the 16th century. His work is based on Vesalius but he popularised it by issuing it in French. The first English translation was published in 1634. He gave up the use of boiling oil for treating wounds, substituting cool dressings and conducted many operations on wounded soldiers. A favourite saying of his was "I dressed him; God cured him". The illustrations show procedures for resetting dislocated limbs.
[Image to scan]	Jenner, Edward. An enquiry into the causes and effects of the varoiolae vaccine: the cow pox. - 2nd edition. - London: Sampson Low for the author, 1800. - Exeter Medical Library: EML/JEN. - ESTC t054052. - Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was a country doctor in Gloucestershire who, noticing that villagers who had suffered from cowpox were immune to smallpox, conceived the idea of injecting cowpox lymph taken from one patient into another. The results were first published in 1798. This marked the beginning of vaccination, although some experiments had taken place earlier by Drs Glass and Andrews of Exeter using a mild form of smallpox rather than the safer cowpox.
	Baker, George. An essay concerning the cause of the endemial colic of Devonshire, London, 1767. - Westcountry Studies Library: s616.33/DEV/BAK. - ESTC t009371. - These two works formed part of a controversy over the cause of the Devonshire colic. It had originally been attribted to the sourness of apples used to make cider but Baker associated it with the presence of lead in the equipment used in its preparation, thus being one of the first to describe the symptoms of lead poisoning. Devonians rushed to the defence of their cider, not least Alcock, who although a cleric, was also a cidermaker. Such vested interests are not without parallel in modern disputes over the safety of food. Baker's findings were accepted and the elimination of lead resulted in the disappearance of Devonshire colic. For a fuller account of the controversy, see the webpage on Cider and eighteenth-century evidence-based healthcare.
	Alcock, Thomas. The endemial colic of Devonshire not caused by a solution of lead in the cyder, Plymouth : Printed by R.Weatherley,  1769. - Westcountry Studies Library: s616.3/DEV/ALC. - ESTC n003441. - This work formed part of the controversy over the cause of the Devonshire colic. It had originally been attributed to the sourness of apples used to make cider but Baker associated it with the presence of lead in the equipment used in its preparation, thus being one of the first to describe the symptoms of lead poisoning. Devonians rushed to the defence of their cider, not least Alcock, who although a cleric, was also a cidermaker. Such vested interests are not without parallel in modern disputes over the safety of food. Baker's findings were accepted and the elimination of lead resulted in the disappearance of Devonshire colic.
[Image to scan]	Stopes, Marie Carmichael. Contraception. - London : John Bale & Co., 1924. - University of Exeter Library. Hypatia HEA/STO. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	National Library of Medicine. Medline, 1992-1998. - [Text to add]
L. Literature and writers This section concentrates on writers who have links with Devon. The University of Exeter Library has gathered in the papers of several Westcountry writers notably those of Henry Williamson, A.L.Rowse, Jack Clemo, and Charles Causley. The Westcountry Studies library also has some literary manuscripts, including several by R.D.Blackmore. The preservation of such papers is important in showing the often tortured way in which works of literature were created, with many writings and rewritings before they reach printed form. Literary works have always formed an important role in expressing individual and social consciousness and poetry is among the earliest surviving written works. The Exeter Book of Old English poetry features elsewhere in this exhibition and the first work by a Devonian to appear in print was a work of poetry, the translation of The ship of fools, by Alexander Barclay, which appeared in 1509.
[Image to scan]	Williamson, Henry. " Tarka the otter", manuscript and typescript drafts, 1925? - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Blackmore, R.D. "Christowell", Manuscript, 1881. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Gay, John. Fables, London: Printed for John Stockdale, 1793. - Westcountry Studies Library. s821/GAY [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Baring-Gould, Sabine. Songs and ballads of the west, 1891. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Phillpotts, Eden. "The forest on the hill", Manuscript, 1912. - WestcountryStudies Library. S820.2/PHI. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Galsworthy, John. "The apple tree", Manuscript, 1916. - Westcountry Studies Library, Exeter: s820.2/GAL. - John Galsworthy (1867-1933) lived for many years in Manaton. He is best known for The Forsyte saga, a cycle of novels recording the affluent middle classes who dominated England before the Great War and chronicling the pressures upon them during the inter-war years. He was also a prolific playwright, writing some thirty plays for the London stage. He donated this short story, which is set in Devon, to Exeter City Library in 1918 before its publication in Five tales later that year.
[Image to scan]	Williamson, Henry. Tarka the otter. - Manuscript, 1925. - University of Exeter Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Williamson, Henry. Tarka the otter. - Typescript, 1926. - University of Exeter Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Williamson, Henry. Tarka the otter. - London : G.P.Putnam's Sons, 1927. - University of Exeter Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Christie, Agatha. Dead man's folly. - 1956. - [Text to add]
M. Maps and plans This section concentrated on Exeter maps from the Constable Collection in Exeter University, and the Westcountry Studies Library. Maps combine text and graphics to convey information in an unique manner. Although the development of cartography in this country lagged somewhat behind that on the mainland of Europe, collections in Exeter have fine examples of the mapmaker's art. The University holds the Constable Collection as well as the Townsend Collection built up by the Exeter family of printers and publishers, from which the Exeter maps in this section are taken, while the Westcountry Studies Library includes the Batten and Bennett Collection of county maps of Devon. The first accurate map of Devon to a scale of one inch to a mile was completed by Benjamin Donn in 1765, winning him an award from the Royal Society of Arts. Devon Record Office holds large scale tithe surveys of most of the county dating from about 1840. The Ordnance Survey completed its six inch to a mile map of the whole county only in 1891. Devon's mapping today is held in digital form by the Ordnance Survey and it is possible to hold the entire map of Devon at a scale of 1:2,500 (25 inches to a mile) on a single CD-ROM.
[Image to scan]	Saxton, Christopher. An atlas of England and Wales. - London : C. Saxton, 1579. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Meisner, Daniel. Excester n Engellandt. - Nuremberg, 1700. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Coles, Joseph. A true plan of the city of Excester. - Exeter : Sold by E. Score, 1709. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Donn, Benjamin. Plan of the city and suburbs of Exeter. - London : B. Donn, 1765. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Tozer, Charles. Plan of the city and suburbs of Exeter, engraved by Thomas Yeakell. - [Exeter] : C. Tozer, 1792. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Roper, John. Exeter, from a drawing by I. Hayman. - London : Vernor and Hood, 1805. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Dawson, Robert K. Exeter, from the Ordnance Survey. - London. H.M.S.O., 1832. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Rapkin, J. Exeter, illustrations drawn and engraved by H. Winkles ; plan drawn and engraved by J. Rapkin. - London, John Tallis & Co., 1852. - [Text to add]
N. Natural history From classical times there have been compilations on natural history. The medieval herbals were frequently blind copies of illustrations from earlier manuscripts rather than being based on an examination of original specimens and wild theories about fantastic creatures such as the mandrake or the barnacle tree were handed on from one compiler to another. The Renaissance remedied this and all types of illustration techniques were seized on to depict the plants or animals as accurately as possible. The resulting books are often regarded today as fine artistic works rather than as scientific textbooks. At least as important as the illustrations are the way the works reveal the gradual progress in identifying the different families of plants and animals through the work of scientists such as Linnaeus and the theories of Charles Darwin.
[Image to scan]	Turner, William. The first and second parts of the herbal, Collen : A. Birckman, 1568. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Gerard, John. Herball, or generall historie of plantes, London : John Norton, 1597. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Parkinson, John. Theatrum botanicum, London : Thomas Cotes, 1640. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Culpeper, Nicholas. The English physician enlarged, London : for S. Ballard [etc], 1754. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Buffon, George Louis Leclerc. Histoire naturelle, Paris, 1774. - Devon and Exeter Institution: N.1-13. - This multivolume work, which first appeared in Paris in 1744, presented one of the first comprehensive surveys of natural history in a popular form. It remained popular throughout the nineteenth century, being translated and reissued in a wide variety of adaptations.
[Image to scan]	Linnaeus, Carolus. Genera plantarum. - 5th edition. - Stockholm : Laurentius Salvius, 1754. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Curtis, William. Botanical magazine. - 1790. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species. - 1899. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Gosse, Philip Henry. A history of the British sea-anemones and corals. - 1860. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Kingsley, Charles. Glaucus: or, the wonders of the shore. - 5th edition. - 1873. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Gould, John. The birds of Great Britain. - London : Taylor & Francis for the author, 1873. - [Text to add]
O. Official and legal The growth of collections of records during the middle ages both by the City and the Cathedral in Exeter show the importance attached to correct and accurate documentation of the rights and activities of institutions and recourse was frequently had to the muniments in cases of dispute. Nationally authorities like Henry de Bracton and locally writers like John Hooker attempted to codify legal and constitutional matters, and the arrival of the printing press soon made such compilations generally available. From about 1800 the publication of statutes, official publications and reports of proceedings became standardised and with the growth of local government publications since World War 2 and the added layer of European documentation there is now a surfeit of official and legal information overwhelming us.
[Image to scan]	Bracton, Henry de. De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae. - London : Richard Tottell, 1569. - [Text to add]
	Machiavelli, Niccolo. Tutti le opere. - 1550. - Exeter Reference Library: o1550. - Bruni & Evans 100. - Machiavelli (1469-1527) is considered by many to be the father of modern political science. He was for many years a diplomat and official in the Florentine republic and his chief work The prince, written in 1513 and first published in 1532, is essentially a work of practical statecraft. He held the effective leader should use any means at his disposal to maintain the state, even deception, cruelty and force. The work had a great influence on the politicians of the European Renaissance and his name has become a byword for political cunning. Although dated 1550, this edition was probably printed after 1600.
	Howard, John. The state of the prisons in England and Wales. - 4th edition. - London : J.Johnson, 1791. - Exeter Reference Library: x1791. - John Howard became aware of the plight of prisoners when he was sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773. His camapaigns led to reforming legislation and his tireless surveys of prison conditions were extended to the continent. When he died of prison fever contracted in Russia in 1790 he was famous in every country in Europe. His name is commemorated in the title of the Howard League for Penal Reform. This image is a plan of the Bastille in Paris.
[Image to scan]	Parliament. Abstract of the answers and returns ... Population. - 1803. - [Text to add]
	Hansard, T.C. Parliamentary debates. - London : T.C.Hansard, 1812. - Exeter Reference Library. - In the 18th century it was considered a breach of privilege to report the proceedings of Parliament and several Exeter printers were prosecuted. Thinly veiled accounts of the debates in the senate of Lilliput were published in the Gentleman's magazine. William Cobbett started his detailed account of parliamentary debates in 1803. In 1808 T.C.Hansard (1776-1833) became the printer and he purchased the rights from Cobbett in 1812. Since 1818, when Cobbett's name disappeared from the title-page, the official verbatim account of the parliamentary debates has been known as "Hansard".
[Image to scan]	Statutes. Public. 2 & 3 Wm 4 c. 45. An act to amend the representation of the people in England. - 1832. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Pankhurst, Charitable. Unshackled: how we won the vote. - 1959. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Mawson, Thomas H. and Sons. Exeter of the future: a policy of improvement within a period of 100 years. - London : Thomas H.Mawson & Sons, [ 1913]. - [Text to add]
P. Press and newspapers The ability of the printing press to distribute information on current events is seen in the growing number of newsbooks during the course of the 16th century. These were produced on specific occasions, often to report fires, floods and other natural disasters, or sometimes naughty vicars, for example Fourtie articles in the High Court of Parliament against William Lang who was vicar in the parish of Bradworthy (1641). In London in 1622 they began to be numbered and produced in series. This innovation developed naturally into the newspaper, the format growing from that of a pamphlet to a larger (broadsheet) size. Britain's first daily newspaper, the Daily courant appeared in 1702. Periodicals began to appear in the 17th century, among the first being the Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society (1665). In the 18th century a growing number of specialist titles appeared, including the first women's magazines.
[Image to scan]	Milton, John. Areopagitica, 1698. - [Text to add]
	A true relation of those sad and lamentable accidents, which happened in and about the parish church of Withycombe ..., London : G.M. for R.Harford, 1638. - Westcountry Studies Library: s551.563/WID/TRU. - STC 25607. - A local example of the many newsbooks which were a main method of spreading news of national and local events in the days before regular newspapers. The typical format was one or two sheets of paper with four pages of text printed on each side folded up to make up a pamphlet which would normally be roughly stitched before distribution.
[Image to scan]	London gazette, numb. 1830, 1683. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	The ladies monthly museum, 1813. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	The comic almanack, 1835. - [Text to add]
	Illustrated London news, 1842. - Founded by Herbert Ingram (1811-60), this was the first weekly periodical to make news pictures its main feature. Ingram commissioned artists to travel to places in the news and during the Crimean War it published battle scenes drawn on the spot. The larger engravings were worked on in sections by several craftsmen and only clamped together for printing.
[Image to scan]	The yellow book: an illustrated quarterly, 1894-97. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Byrom, John. The universal shorthand, 1767. - [Text to add]
R. Records and archives From the earliest times institutions have recognised the legal, financial and historic significance of maintaining full records of their activities and from the middle ages onward recourse was frequently had to the muniment room or the locked document chest to settle matters of dispute. Today Devon Record Office contains rich collections of archives dating from medieval times to the present day. Most of these records have been deposited for safe custody and do not belong to the Record Office. Over the centuries many documents have suffered and action needs to be taken to preserve them for future generations. This section gives details of the specialist work carried out by the Conservation Unit of the Devon Record Office on two contrasting items, the Dartmouth Borough Court Book, 1537-1555, a single volume which needs to be kept together as a unit and the Exeter City Archives volumes of Ancient Letters, an artificial assemblage of single sheet items.
S. Scribes and manuscripts For 1,500 years manuscripts were the only means of recording and storing information and many of the earliest Devon examples are held in Exeter Cathedral Library. The Exeter Book is a foundation volume of English literature and can be seen both as looking back to a time of oral transmission of poetry by illiterate bards, some at least of the poems being written versions of much older recited verse, and looking forward in the timeless themes of, say "The wanderer" and the riddles. The Exon Domesday provides a very early example of a comprehensive administrative record. The very end of the period saw the revolution of the printing press, with the earliest incunables clearly showing their origins in written letter forms, sometimes indeed being a combination of printed text and handwritten initials and decoration. This section of the exhibition was located in the Cathedral Library. -
	Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon poetry Manuscript, 960/980. - Exeter Cathedral Library. - This unique manuscript has been in Exeter Cathedral Library since at least 1070 when it is mentioned in an inventory of books donated by Bishop Leofric. It is one of only three surviving manuscripts of Old English poetry and the page displayed is taken from a collection of riddles. The subject of this one is a book. The Exeter Book was issued on CD-ROM in the year 2000. The website includes sample images. A translation of the riddle in this image, in a version which retains the alliterative Old English metre of the original and is laid out to reflect the two parts into which each line of verse was divided is given on the Exeter working papers in book history website.
[Image to scan]	Exon Domesday, Manuscript, 1086. - Exeter Cathedral Library. - [Text to add]
	Grandisson, John. " Legenda de sanctis", Manuscript, 1350? - Exeter Cathedral Library: D. & C. MS 3505. - Ker ii, 810. - John de Grandisson was the longest serving (1327-69) and perhaps the most influential bishop of Exeter. He bestowed his considerable wealth liberally for the good of his church, and it was during his episcopate that the Cathedral took on its present appearance. This beautiful manuscript is one of those written for him and donated by him. He was both art lover and bibliophile and this volume, like many others, bears his annotations, including the note at the top of the first page, shown here, with his abbreviated autograph "J. de G.". The initial contains his coat of arms. The book is one of a set drawn up as a lectionary for the use of the Cathedral Church of Exeter. As well as the manuscript itself, the binding is a fine example of medieval craftsmanship.
[Image to scan]	Rabanus Maurus / Isidore of Seville, Opera. - Manuscript, 950. - Exeter Cathedral Library: D. & C. MS 3507. - Ker ii, 813-4. - This handsome manuscript dates from the same period as the Exeter Book and is written in the same script, though the language is Latin. Shown here are three runic alphabets. Runes were used by Germanic peoples as an alternative alphabet and are also found in the Exeter Book, sometimes to add mystery to riddles. The book has been in Exeter since at least the early 14th century.
	Saint Helen's Psalter, Manuscript, 1250? - Exeter Cathedral Library: D. & C. MS 3508. - Ker ii 814-6 As well as the splendid illuminated initials and the music in the body of the work, a feature of this manuscript is the calendar at the beginning, which includes later additions made in Exeter such as an entry for the death of the Dean, Henry Webber on 13 February 1477. The book has been in Exeter since the 13th century. It is well-thumbed and therefore, unlike some medieval books, was evidently in everyday use.
[Image to scan]	Grandisson, John. Ordinale. - Manuscript, 1450? - Exeter Cathedral Library. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Isidore / Seneca, Opera Manuscript, 1250? - Exeter Cathedral Library. - [Text to add]
	Cicero. De officiis, Mainz : Fust & Schöffer, 1465/6. - Exeter Cathedral Library: F (printed)/1. - This single leaf of parchment is the oldest example of printing in Exeter and clearly shows the use of manuscript letter forms in the earliest printing. The coloured additions were made by hand. The leaf is in two pieces because the parchment was re-used for the end-leaves of a later book. A classic example of the transition from script to print. Johann Fust is known to have learned the art of printing from the inventor Johan Gutenberg himself in the 1450s.
	Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius. De medicina, Venice : Pinzi, 1497. - Exeter Cathedral Library. - One of the later incunabula (15th century printed books) in the Cathedral Library and properly post-medieval, this handsome volume still retains the manuscript features of abbreviated Latin and hand-painted initials, though the typeface itself is becoming recognisably more "printed" in appearance. The book belonged to Dr Thomas Glass of Exeter (1709-86), who left his extensive medical library to the Cathedral. It has extensive 16th century annotations.
T. Technology and invention The printing press was an ideal vehicle for the spread of new scientific ideas, although in the early years there was an emphasis on getting the works of classical writers into print rather than publishing new researches. Progress was often hindered by conflict with religious dogmatism and the need to reconcile scientific theories with scriptural writings. There was also the understandable desire for secrecy where a new discovery might have commercial benefit. In the 20th century scientific publishing has experienced an exponential growth and has been a major influence on the development of information technology to keep track of the vast numbers of scientific papers.
	Bacon, Francis. De dignitate et augmentiis scientiarum, Lugd. Batavorum [Leiden] : Apud Franciscum Moiardum et Adrianum Wungaerde, 1645. - Exeter Reference Library: o1645. - Bacon's attempts to systematise the various fields of knowledge had a great influence on philosophy and natural science. Voltaire designated Bacon as the "father of experimental philosophy" and it was under the impetus provided by his writings that the Philosophical Society was established in 1645. In 1662 this body was granted a charter by James II and became the Royal Society, which still survives today as a testimony to the enduring achievement of Bacon.
[Image to scan]	Newton, Sir Isaac. Opticks, 4th ed, London : William Innys, 1730. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Burnet, Thomas. The theory of the earth, 3rd ed, 1697. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Hutton, Charles. The theory of the earth, 1795. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Priestley, Joseph. Observations on different kinds of air, 1772. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Lavoisier, Antoine de. Opuscules physqiues et chymiques, 1774. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Smeaton, John. A narrative of the building and a description of the construction of the Eddystone lighthouse with stone, London : G. Nicol, 1793. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Mudge, Thomas. A description with plates of the timekeeper invented by the late Thomas Mudge, 1799. - [Text to add]
	Bourne, John C. The history and description of the Great Western Railway, London : David Bogue, 1846. - Westcountry Studies Library: sf385/WES/BOU. - This description of Brunel's broad gauge marvel with its many engineering feats was illustrated by fifty lithographic plates of track, bridges, tunnels and stations between Paddington and Bristol. There was also a supplement with plates of architectural features in historic buildings along the line of the railway. The use of broad gauge track was discontinued by the Great Western Railway in 1892 although vestiges can still be seen near the turntable by the Exeter Canal basin.
	Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations. Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue. - London : Spicer Bros., 1851. - Exeter Reference Library: 606. - Inspired by Prince Albert this was the first international exhibition to be held in any country. Housed in Paxton's magnificent Crystal Palace, it had a major influence on world commerce as well as providing a showcase for many thousands of inventions. The illustrated catalogue provides a detailed survey of the state of technology and the applied arts in the middle of the 19th century.
V. Voyages and travel Among the earliest printed accounts of travel are guides for pilgrims to the Holy Land, for example the work of Breydenbach (1486) and the letter reporting Columbus's discovery of the New World (1493). The Spanish and Portugese were not keen that news of their discoveries were broadcast too widely and only after 1550 did accounts of explorations increase in numbers. The important collections of Hakluyt and others date from this period. In the 18th century scientific expeditions began to take place and a number of artefacts collected during the expeditions of Cook and others are to be found in the ethnographic collections of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum. The heroic travels to polar regions completed the voyages of discovery in the period around 1900.
	Drake, Sir Francis. The world encompassed. - London: Printed for Nicholas Bourne, 1628. - Westcountry Studies Library: s910.4. - STC 7161. - Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the world between 1577 and 1580 was only the second since that undertaken by Magellan. This account was edited by an unknown author from the notes of the preacher Francis Fletcher and other companions on the voyage and published by Sir Francis Drake, first Baronet (1588-1637), the son of Sir Francis Drake's brother Thomas. Fletcher's account seems previously to have been used by Richard Hakluyt in his insert into The principall navigations (1589).
	Purchas, Samuel. Purchas his pilgrimage. - 3rd edition. - London : William Stansby for Henry Fetherstone,  1617. - Exeter Reference Library: x1617. - STC 20507 Samuel Purchas (1577-1626) was rector of St Martin Ludgate in the City of London and a notable compiler of travel books. He assisted the geographer and Richard Hakluyt but also published several collections on his own account. Their work reflected the great interest in exploration in which England was playing a leading role. The work is very up-to-date, with details of recent voyages to North America.
[Image to scan]	Cook, James. A voyage toward the South Pole. - London : Published by W Strahan and T Cadell in the Strand, 1777. - [Text to add]
[Image to scan]	Park, Mungo. Travels in the interior of Africa, 1799. - Devon and Exeter Institution Library: G36.21. - ESTC n013687. - Park was the first modern European explorer to reach the Niger which he explored in 1795 and 1805 in which year he was drowned when attacked by natives. This account of his travels became a classic, being translated into many European languages and stimulating further exploration. His observations on botany, meteorology and social customs remain of great importance.
[Image to scan]	Gilpin, William. Observations on the western parts of England relating chiefly to picturesque beauty. - London: T.Cadell and W.Davies, 1798. - Westcountry Studies Library: sWES/1798/GIL. - Travel need not be to far-away places, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, which closed the continent to tourists, opened areas of the British Isles to visitors. This was also aided by improvements in travel, the vogue for sea bathing and the writings of William Gilpin (1724-1804) who was a leader of the 18th century cult of the picturesque. His works were illustrated by his own aquatints and were satirised by William Combe in his series of illustrated poems giving an account of the travels of Dr Syntax.
[Image to scan]	Livingstone, David. Missionary travels, London : Murray, 1857. - Devon and Exeter Institution Library: G28.27. - Livingstone (1813-1873) was one of the greatest European explorers of Africa. He worked as a missionary from 1840 but was a keen scientific observer and by living closely with the African peoples gained a deep insight into the nature of their cultures. He was the first European to see the Victoria Falls and on an expedition to discover the source of the Nile was found by Stanley at Ujiji in 1868. His travels were eagerly followed in England and encouraged other explorers, missionaries and colonisers.
	Nansen, Fridtjof. Fram over Polhavet, Kristiania : H.Aschehoug & Co., 1897. - Exeter Reference Library: 998. - Nansen (1861) completed the first completely successful modern polar expedition in 1896, returning to his native Norway after reaching 86o 14', the highest latitude so far attained by man. His work, translated in the same year as Farthest north, was an instant success and has become a classic story of polar exploration. Illustrated is a drawing of the aurora borealis or northern lights.
	Scott, Robert Falcon. Scott's last expedition, London : Smith Elder and Co., 1913. - Exeter Reference Library: 999. - The Plymothian Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) failed by five weeks to be the first to reach the South Pole but became a hero for his desperate and unsuccessful struggle to return to base camp after being robbed of his prize by Amundsen. The account of the expedition is illustrated by the famous photographs of Herbert G.Ponting who also took one of the earliest film cameras to accompany a scientific expedition.
W. War and revolution The press has long been used for propaganda purposes by governments and those seeking political change. It has also proved its value in providing rapid information, though not always reliable, on the progress of conflicts. The first surviving English newsbook relates to the Battle of Flodden in 1509. During the English civil war accounts of campaigns could be published in a matter of days, and the telegraph made communications instantaneous during the 19th century. After the events came the official and unofficial accounts of the conflict and memoirs of those involved. The political cartoon with its linking of pictures and text, often requiring a considerable familiarity with current affairs, has also been an effective way of informing and moulding opinion during periods of conflict and some examples are included in this section.
[Image to scan]	Hywood, Abel. A famous victory obtained before the city of Exeter, London : Printed for I.H. and T.Finch, 1643. - Westcountry Studies Library: sB/EXE/1643/HYW. - Wing H3891. - The English civil war was the first in which this country was involved to receive extensive media coverage and fortunately much of these ephemeral publications survive thanks to a London bookseller George Thomason. Although a royalist, he collected all publications impartially, carefully noting the date of publication. Over twenty years he amassed 23,000 items which he bound in 1,983 volumes. After many vicissitudes the collection was purchased by George III and given to the British Museum in 1762. Exeter libraries cannot hope to rival such a collection.
	Sir Thomas Fairfax's proceedings about the storming of Exeter, London : Printed for Matthew Walbank, 1645 [i.e. 1646]. - Westcountry Studies Library: sB/EXE/1645/SIR. - Wing S3897. - This newsbook gives details of a variety of occurrences at the time that the forces of Parliament were preparing to take Exeter. Barley, mentioned a number of times, is on the site of Barley House, for many years the headquarters of Devon Library services.
	Complete collection of papers relating to the great revolutions in England and Scotland from ... June 8 1688 to ... April 11. 1689. - London : J.D. for R.Clavel [etc],  1689. - Exter Reference Library: o1689. - These papers were originally published in a series of pamphlets by Richard Janeway and were gathered together to be reissued with a collective titlepage and introduction. The publication bears witness to the enthusiasm with which the public devoured details of England's bloodless revolution of 1688.
	Ray, James. Complete history of the rebellion ... to its total suppression at the glorious Battle of Culloden in April 1746, Printed for the Autor, in the year 1755. - Exeter Reference Library: o1755. - The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Price Charlie) marched his troops far into England in 1745 in his attempt to assert his claim to the English throne. This account of the campaign, which culminated in the last pitched battle on British soil at Culloden, was written by a volunteer who served under the Duke of Cumberland and his partisanship is evident even in the title.
	Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the revolution in France. - 3rd edition. - London : J.Dodsley, 1790. - Exeter Reference Library: o1790. - Burke (1729-1797) had served as a Whig member of Parliament since 1765 and had been very supportive of the American colonists. This effective piece of polemic writing was born out of the horrors felt by Burke and many others at the excesses being committed in France in the name of liberty.
[Image to scan]	Paine, Thomas. The rights of man, being an answer to Mr. Burke's attack on the French Revolution. - 4th edition. - London : J.S.Jordan, 1791. - Exeter Reference Library: o1791. - ESTC t005868. - Thomas Paine (1737-1809) had worked for the cause of American independence in the 1770s and had written many pamphlets in the cause of liberty. The present work was written as a reply to Burke's horrified reaction to the events in France and clearly and forcibly lays down the fundamental rights which must be protected, "by reason, accommodation, and general consent". It has become a beacon for radical thinkers and a clear exposition of the fundamental principles of democracy. Paine was elected a French citizen in 1792 and became a member of the National Convention. His works were stocked by Robert Trewman, publisher of Trewman's Exeter Flying Post newspaper, before Paine was burned in effigy, together with his works, in Exeter, as in a number of other towns across Devon.
	Gillray, James. The plumb-pudding in danger; - or state epicures taking un petit souper. - London : H.Humphrey, 1805. - Exeter Reference Library: Heber Mardon B147. - One of the most famous satirical prints produced by James Gillray (1757-1815) this shows Pitt, long and lanky as in all his caricatures, facing a diminutive Napoleon across a dinner table. Pitt, armed with a trident and dagger, helps himself to a large slice of the ocean, as befits Britan's mastery of the seas, while Napoleon carves a slice of Europe, except Britain, Sweden and Russia. The second line of the title includes a quotation from Shakespeare's Tempest. The caricature is made the more effective by its avoidance of any obvious taking of sides. The Heber Mardon Collection, from which this item is taken, was donated to Exeter Library in 1924. For a fuller account of the English view of Napoleon including other caricatures, see the webpage on Boney: Napoleon through English eyes.
	Marx, Karl. Manifesto of the communist party, Moscow : For Lawrence and Wishart, 1941. - Exeter Reference Library: 335.42. - This tract by Marx and Engels first appeared anonymously in 1848. It advocated ten immediate reforms, of which many are neither Marxist nor revolutionary and have been accepted into modern political practices. It concludes with the slogan urging the workers of the world to unite as they have nothing to lose but their chains. The edition exhibited is a reprint of the authorised translation of 1888 and was printed in Moscow.
	Mr Punch's history of the Great War, London : Cassell & Co., 1919. - Exeter Reference Library: 940.3. - This compilation provides an alternative view of the war to end all wars than that provided by the official multi-volume History of the Great War (1922-1987). The humorous magazine Punch provided a series of technically accomplished political cartoons to raise morale. The one displayed "The haunted ship: ghost of the old pilot" is an allusion to an earlier famous cartoon "Dropping the pilot", which had appeared in 1890 when Kaiser Wilhelm, jealous of the popularity of Otto von Bismark (1815-1898) dismissed the statesman who had been instrumental in uniting the German states.
	Germany. Heer.Generalstab. Abteilung für Kriegskarten und Vermessungswesen. Stadtdurchfahrtpläne: England (ohne London). - 2ndedition. - Berlin : Generalstab, 1941. - Westcountry Studies Library. s940.5. -
	Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf, London : Hurst and Blackett, 1939. - Exeter Reference Library: s943. - First published in 1927 it was not until 1939 that a complete translation appeared, although an abridged edition with the title My struggle had appeared in 1933. The work reached 830 impressions in Germany by 1943. In this work Hitler makes his objectives perfectly clear years before he came to power. The work was opened in the exhibition to show Hitler's differentiation between races which are founders of culture (only the Aryan race, of which coincidentally Hitler considered himself a member), bearers of culture (for example the Japanese) and destroyers of culture (the Jews). At the end of the millennium it was sobering to witness the continuing activities of certain nations who would like to consider themselves in the first category. Vivid in the curator's memory was the outrage of 1992 when Serbian forces, as part of their ethnic cleansing of Bosnia's multicultural society had destroyed the National Library in Sarajevo, targetting the very institution that stored the community's written heritage.
Y. Younger readers While grammars and similar textbooks have existed in print from the fifteenth century and were among the earliest items issued by Exeter's first publisher Martin Coeffin in about 1510, the market for books specifically designed for children is largely the creation of the London publisher John Newbery in the 18th century. From the earliest times extensive use was made of woocut and engraved illustrations and, while the specialist publishers were mainly located in London, local printers in Exeter and Plymouth also produced some literature suitable for children. Most of the items in this section are taken from the public library's extensive collection of early children's books.
	Comenius, Johannes Amos. Orbis sensualium pictus, […] Translated into English by Charles Hoole. - London : John Sprint, 1705. - Exeter Reference Library: o1705. - ESTC t133046 Jan Amos Komeneski (1597-1670) was an educational reformer who was born in Moravia. He was a pioneer of new language teaching methods and was invited to England in 1641 to plan a Baconian college of all the sciences. He settled in Hungary where he composed his Orbis sensualium pictus, the first language textbook to use pictures as a visual aid to learning. First published in 1658, it was translated into English by Charles Hoole the following year.
Digitised copy	L'Estrange, Sir Roger. Fables of Aesop and other eminent mythologists: with moral and reflections. - London : R.Sare [etc], 1692. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 36. - The fables of the Greek writer Aesop had been in print since the 15th century. This translation by the Tory journalist and pamphleteer Sir Roger L'Estrange (1616-1704) who at one time was licenser for the press on behalf of the government, was specifically intended for children, but its large size would have put it out of the reach of all but the most wealthy nurseries. His political opinions sometimes manifested themselves in the reflections that he added to each fable.
	An alphabet &c;, London : W. & T.Darton, [ 1808?]. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 487. - This folded card is an example of the battledore, which developed from the earlier hornbook. Hornbooks consisted of a wooden or metal frame containing alphabets, the Lord's prayer and simple words and were supplied with a handle to make it easier for the child to hold. Like its predecessor, the battledore could be used out of school hours to play with shuttlecocks.
	The infant's letter box, London : John Marshall, 1803. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 486. This extremely rare incitement to learning to read contains 26 folded sheets, each with a letter to the infant, congratulating it on learning the relevant letter of the alphabet. The two books, entitled A description of the letters in the infant's letter-box include an address to mothers, suggesting how the contents of the box are to be used.
	Hieroglyphic bible, [London? : [Robert Bassam?], 1800? - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 15. Like so many early children's books, this copy has suffered badly through rough usage and lacks the title-page. This attractive and entertaining introduction to the Bible first appeared in 1783 and had reached its 13th edition by 1795. The small wood engravings which replace many of the words are for the most part excellently done, and some have been ascribed to Bewick.
[Image to scan]	The orphan; or, the interesting life of little Fanny Fairchild. - Exeter : McKenzie and Son, 1795. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 226. This piece of Exeter printing was an imitation of Goody Goosecap and Goody Two Shoes, tales of an orphan girl who, though sober industry achieved success and matrimony. This copy has wrappers made of coloured floral paper and is enlivened with a variety of rough woodcuts which the printer had to hand, obviously not part of a set and bearing only a chance relationship to the content of the tale.
	The book of trades, or library of the useful arts. Part 1. - London : Tabart and Co., 1804. - Exeter Reference Library: - Moon 462. - This is the first edition of the first of three parts of a clearly and intelligently written book with excellent excellent engraved illustrations introducing the young person to the work of various craftsmen, showing their tools and the surroundings in which they worked. With its descriptions of trades on the eve of mechanisation this book is as interesting today as it was when it first appeared.
	Martin, Sarah Catherine. The comic adventures of old mother Hubbard and her dog, London : J.Harris, 1805. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 129. - This copy is thought to be the only surviving example in England of the first state of the first edition of this well-known nursery rhyme. It was written and illustrated by Sarah Catherine Martin, in the house of her brother-in-law John Pollexfen Bastard, M.P. at Kitley near Plymouth. In an age where children were used to turgid moral tales this lively rhyme must have come as a source of great delight.
	Cowper, William. The history of John Gilpin, Derby : Thomas Richardson, Thomas Richardson, 1829. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 78. - When Gilpin's poem first appeared in 1782 it was not designed for the children's market. However, like Pilgrim's progress, Gulliver's travels and Robinson Crusoe it soon became part of the children's repertoire. This version is attractively printed in a large and widely spaced type. The artist has saved himself some trouble by using the same drawing of a horse and rider three times against different backgrounds.
	Aliva, Rene. The anti-spelling book. - 3rd edition. - London : Bull & Churton, 1834. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 494. - This system uses diacritical marks to indicate the pronunciation to be attached to letters appearing in various contexts, thus adding considerably to the numbers of symbols the child has to learn. Nevertheless the notice to the second edition stated that the "unprecedented sale of this little work has already exhausted a very large edition and the demand still continues so great that the publisher have determined to have it stereotyped. Meanwhile to meet the pressing wants of the public, they have printed the present edition, revised and improved by the author for the stereotype edition, which will appear as soon as the plates can be cast."
[Link to check]	House that Jack built, London : J.T.Wood, [ 1845?]. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 123. - This popular rhyme has made the transition from children's to adult literature, forming the basis of several satirical versions, such as The political house that Jack built. This copy is bound up with a number of other small chapbooks by the same publisher; Tom Tucker, History of Dick Whittington, Nursery ditties, Nursery rhymes, Cock robin, Jack and Jill and a second copy of the House that Jack built, which as an identical setting of text but a different wrapper.
[Image to scan]	Peter Parley's game of British sovereigns, 1840? - The pseudonym Peter Parley was originally used by the American author Samuel Griswold Goodrich (1793-1860) but at least six British authors borrowed the pseudonym, editing or adapting his books or even writing entirely new works. These included the publishers Thomas Tegg and Samuel Clarle of the firm of Darton and Clark. There is no book of rules or indication of how this game is to be played.
	Bunyan, John. The pilgrim's progress in words of one syllable, London : George Routledge and Sons, 1869. - Exeter Reference Library: Moon 2. - Bunyan's masterpiece was first published in 1678 and immediately became a bestseller. It was soon abridged and adapted for younger readers who would devour it as an exciting adventure story while their elders could appreciate the religious allegory. This monosyllabic tour de force is illustrated by brightly coloured woodcuts by Kronheim.
	Lang, Andrew. The lilac fairy book. - New impression. - London : Longman, Green & Co., 1914. - Exeter Reference Library: Early children's book collection. - From the 1880s Andrew Lang was responsible for producing a series of well-loved books of fairy tales, each designated by a different colour. This volume first appeared in 1910 and is illustrated by coloured plates and black and white line drawings by H.J.Ford.
[Image to scan]	Caldecott, Randolph. The hey diddle diddle picture book, London : George Routledge & Sons, [ 1883]. - Exeter Reference Library: Early children's book collection. - Randolph Caldecott (1846-86) started work as a bank clerk. After a career change he contributed illustrations to Punch and other periodicals, but is best known for his elegant illustrations to nursery rhymes, his fluency of his draughtsmanship being skilfully rendered into coloured woodcuts by Edmund Evans, the leading exponent of this medium. Since 1938 the Caldecott Medal has been presented annually to the best American artist-illustrator.
Digital book (not necessarily same edition	Barrie, James M. Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. - 3rd edition. - London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1907. - Exeter Reference Library: Early children's book collection. - Arthur Rackham (1867-1939) is best known as an illustrator of fairy tales and similar works, including Shakespeare's The tempest, in an art nouveau style in which the creatures portrayed often convey a feeling of menace. Even the trees take on anthropomorphic shapes and many figures are reminiscent of the contemporary Martinware pottery.
Digital book (not necessarily same edition	Montessori, Maria. The Maria Montessori method, 1912. - [Text to add]

The aims of the exhibition in 1999 were:

• To stimulate learning and foster pride in the wealth of written resources that have been built up over the centuries in libraries, record offices and museums in Exeter.
• To show that these resources reflect all aspects of local as well as European cultural development over the past two millennia.
• To display selected items that are not readily accessible to the general public.
• To create a sympathetic attitude toward the problems of conserving this material into the next millennium and to raise general awareness of the responsibilities placed on us all to protect Devon's written and printed heritage.
• To enable the various resource collections in the City to work with each other and with local scholars in a major project fostering closer links between institutions.

Ian Maxted, County Local Studies Librarian
February 2000, revised September 2020.

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This page last updated 21 November 2020